{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:06:37Z","timestamp":1790197597151,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012331","name":"Leo Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012331","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cutaneous microbial composition is driven by the microenvironment of the skin, as well as by internal and external factors. Local changes in the microenvironment can affect the configuration of the community, which may lead toward an imbalance of microbiota. Alterations in the microbial profile are common in both inflammatory skin diseases and chronic infections. A shift in balance within the microbiota, toward limited variation and a greater abundance of specific pathogens, may further worsen the pathogenicity of the diseases. These alterations may be prevented by topical treatment of probiotic solutions stimulating a balanced multispecies community. Compositional variations may further constitute potential biomarkers to predict flares or monitor efficacy during therapy. New approaches such as machine learning may contribute to this prediction of microbial alterations prior to the development of chronic infections and flares. This review provides insight into the composition and distribution of a healthy community of microorganisms in the skin and draws parallels with the community in chronic infections and chronic inflammatory skin diseases such acne vulgaris and Hidradenitis Suppurativa. We discuss the potential role of specific species in the pathogenesis and the possible prevention of disease exacerbation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T15:50:06Z","timestamp":1639756206000},"page":"706-718","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Human skin microbiota in health and disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Lene","family":"Bay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bacterial Infection Biology Costerton Biofilm Center Department of Immunology and Microbiology Faculty of Health Science University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans Christian","family":"Ring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermato\u2010Venereology and Wound Healing Centre Bispebjerg Hospital  Copenhagen 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