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We studied PD\u2010L1\/PD\u20101 immunohistochemical expression in 47 thyroid gland specimens in groups of (1) Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) only; (2) HT and follicular epithelial dysplasia (FED); and (3) HT, FED, and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). PD\u20101 positivity was found in immune cells, namely in lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells with mean values for lymphocytes and macrophages 9% in HT group, 4% in FED group, and 4% in PTC group. PD\u2010L1 positivity was identified in both immune cells and in the normal epithelial cells. In the HT group, mean PD\u2010L1 staining on immune cells was 6%, in FED group 5%, and in PTC group 7%. The mean PD\u2010L1 staining on the epithelial cells in the inflammatory parenchyma was 11.7% in HT, 13.4% in FED, and 8.3% in PTC group. The mean PD\u2010L1 staining of FED foci was 47.2% in FED group and 33.6% in PTC group. The mean tumor proportion score (TPS) was 10.4%, and the mean combined positive score (CPS) was 15.5. At the moment, PTC is not a target of immunotherapy. However, understanding the complex issue of concurrent inflammation and autoimmunity can importantly influence the cancer treatment in future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13218","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T07:21:32Z","timestamp":1646292092000},"page":"276-283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["PD\u2010L1 and PD\u20101 expression in thyroid follicular epithelial dysplasia: Hashimoto thyroiditis related atypia and potential papillary carcinoma precursor"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Emma","family":"Pakkanen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathology Fimlab Laboratories Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University Tampere 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