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The key has been the development and distribution of a broad range of vaccines in record time. In this survey, we summarize the immunology required to understand the mechanisms underlying current and potential COVID\u201019 vaccines. Furthermore, we provide an up to date (according to data from WHO May 27, 2022) overview of the vaccine landscape consisting of 11 approved vaccines in phase 4, and a pipeline consisting of 161 vaccine candidates in clinical development and 198 in preclinical development (World Health Organization, Draft landscape and tracker of COVID\u201019 candidate vaccines [Internet], WHO, 2022). Our focus is to provide an understanding of the underlying biological mode of action of different vaccine platform designs, their advantages and disadvantages, rather than a deep dive into safety and efficacy data. We further present arguments concerning why a broad range of vaccines are needed and discuss future challenges.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13284","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T08:24:23Z","timestamp":1668673463000},"page":"37-60","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A survey of mechanisms underlying current and potential COVID\u201019 vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Hebel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Panum Institute University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allan Randrup","family":"Thomsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Panum Institute University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"ECDC.Timeline of ECDC's response to COVID\u201019 [Internet]. 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