{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:28:00Z","timestamp":1753878480356,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The potential effects of microwave radiation have gained increasing attention due to its widespread application in daily life. This study aimed to investigate its effects on rat immune function. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 2.856\u2009GHz microwave radiation for 20\u2009min. Cytokine levels in serum were measured by ELISA at 0 and 7\u2009days' post\u2010exposure. HE staining was used to observe the structure of the spleen. Morphology and proliferation of spleen mixed lymphocytes were detected after 24\u2009h of culture, and proliferation was evaluated by the CCK\u20108 assay. Expression of HSP70 and calreticulin (CRT) was assessed by WB. Rats showed an increased secretion of inflammatory factors in serum. Spleen tissue revealed no significant damage. Compared to the control group, irradiated groups (R\u20100d and R\u20107d) showed a significant increase and thickening of the white pulp. The boundary between the red and white medulla in the R\u20107d group appeared blurred. CCK\u20108 assay showed that splenic mixed lymphocytes in the irradiated group showed a significant proliferation. There was no significant difference in HSP70 and CRT expression between the exposed and control groups. Microwave exposure might activate the immune system of rats, potentially triggering a T cell\u2010mediated inflammatory response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.70017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T07:35:09Z","timestamp":1741937709000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microwaves Activate Immune Response and Promote Lymphocytes Proliferation of Wistar Rats"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"133","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8259-2972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma","family":"Lizhen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cao","family":"Shuhua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zou","family":"Yong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Weijia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Xuelong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhang","family":"Mingzhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhifeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Medical Center of Chinses PLA General Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Xiangjun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Lifeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2023.03.083"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7145415"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169288"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233849"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-010-0158-2"},{"volume-title":"StatPearls","year":"2025","author":"Varghese M. T.","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1343716"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202300351"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1121763"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0328-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.154829"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2023.148393"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot4986"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2516-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2012.692343"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15368378.2018.1545668"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.22049"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05257-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.947983"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1161067"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"109","article-title":"Various Aspects of IL\u20101 Biological Activity. I. The Role of IL\u20101 in Parasitic Infections","volume":"55","author":"Gatkowska J.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Wiadomo\u015bci Parazytologiczne"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.17101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adl2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2401692121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(01)00502-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2003.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2015.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/micc.12126"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1087161"}],"container-title":["APMIS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/apm.70017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T17:38:30Z","timestamp":1744393110000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/apm.70017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/apm.70017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apm.70017","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0903-4641","1600-0463"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0903-4641"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1600-0463"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70017"}}