{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T17:16:27Z","timestamp":1788542187874,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/V005839\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/V005839\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are common complications for diabetic patients, often exacerbated by complex polymicrobial biofilm infections. While the majority of DFU studies are bacterial focused, fungi have also been identified. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of fungi in DFUs, as well as their potential role and influence on persistence and wound healing. Consecutive DFU swabs were collected from 128 patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009349). Fungal positivity was assessed using enhanced culture and real\u2010time qPCR. Routine microbiology cultures were carried out as part of standard care in the clinics, and their results were then compared to our laboratory investigation. Routine and enhanced culture resulted in similar rates of fungal detection (~9%), whereas qPCR resulted in a higher rate of detection (31%). Notably, the predominant yeast <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Candida parapsilosis<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> was present in ischaemic and penetrating bone wounds. These findings support existing evidence of fungal presence in DFUs. We demonstrated that routine diagnostic methods are sufficient for fungal detection, but enhanced culture methods allow for more precise fungal identification. Finally, while fungal presence does not appear to impact patient outcomes in our study, their role within these infections remains poorly understood, and further studies are needed to fully understand their relationship to the microbiome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.70025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,23]],"date-time":"2025-04-23T02:26:46Z","timestamp":1745375206000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Investigating the Prevalence of Fungi in Diabetic Ulcers: An Under\u2010Recognised Contributor to Polymicrobial Biofilms"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Jontana","family":"Allkja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Safeguarding Health Through Infection Prevention (SHIP) Research Group, Research Centre for Health, School of Health and Life Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University  Glasgow UK"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Bakri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bryn","family":"Short","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safeguarding Health Through Infection Prevention (SHIP) Research Group, Research Centre for Health, School of Health and Life Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Gilmour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safeguarding Health Through Infection Prevention (SHIP) Research Group, Research Centre for Health, School of Health and Life Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences University of Glasgow  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhijit M.","family":"Bal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department Glasgow Royal Infirmary  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelly J. M.","family":"Newby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Department University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay NHS Foundation Trust  UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toby","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry The University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob D.","family":"Short","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Bath  Bath UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology Department, Lancaster Royal Infirmary University of Lancaster  Lancaster UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0932-3514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordon","family":"Ramage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Safeguarding Health Through Infection Prevention (SHIP) Research Group, Research Centre for Health, School of Health and Life Sciences Glasgow Caledonian University  Glasgow UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13973"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-022-00187-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S393724"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8111935"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fastrc.2022.100189"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02198\u201014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2008.00434.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2017.26.1.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2017.0756"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-022-00286-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2020.1176"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00672-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00258"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cobme.2022.100370"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.5.855"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579\u2010024\u201001035\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02035-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01058-16"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-1809-74"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2011.20.1.40"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Incidence of Mycotic Infections in Diabetic Foot Tissue","volume":"5","author":"Nair S.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Culture Collections"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.14995"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","article-title":"WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide Research","author":"O World Health","year":"2022","journal-title":"Development and Public Health Action"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666\u20105247(23)00067\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003326"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2349-2902.isj20175157"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00203-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2010.00710.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.083485-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.00350-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13327"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","article-title":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","author":"Nice U. K.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetic Foot Problems: Prevention and Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40588-018-0100-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12429"}],"container-title":["APMIS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/apm.70025","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T04:19:20Z","timestamp":1755490760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/apm.70025"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/apm.70025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apm.70025","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0903-4641","1600-0463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0903-4641","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70025"}}