{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T03:43:50Z","timestamp":1791863030928,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]],"date-time":"2025-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The emergence of antifungal resistance in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> necessitates the development of novel therapeutic strategies. This study evaluates the antifungal and antibiofilm activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles (bAgNPs) synthesized using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> bacterial supernatant. UV\u2013Visible spectroscopy confirmed the formation of bAgNPs, with a distinct absorbance peak at 418\u2009nm. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing determined that 50\u2009\u03bcg\/mL effectively inhibited fungal growth. bAgNPs significantly reduced biofilm biomass, with an 80\u2009\u03bcg\/mL concentration resulting in over a 70% reduction, as demonstrated by crystal violet staining and fluorescence microscopy. Mechanistic studies revealed that bAgNPs induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, with fluorescence intensity peaking at 80\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, leading to oxidative stress\u2010mediated cell death. The yeast\u2010to\u2010hyphal transition, a key virulence mechanism, was inhibited, impeding the fungal invasiveness. Furthermore, the disruption of cell membrane integrity was confirmed by SYTO 9\/propidium iodide staining, where over 60% of cells displayed compromised membranes at MIC. MTT assay results demonstrated that bAgNPs impaired mitochondrial function by reducing metabolic activity by 75% at MIC. These findings suggest that bAgNPs target multiple critical pathways, including ROS\u2010mediated oxidative damage, membrane disruption, and metabolic impairment, thereby exerting a potent antifungal effect; thus, they present a promising approach for treating biofilm\u2010associated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"><jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic><\/jats:styled-content> infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.70061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T04:15:16Z","timestamp":1755490516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Exhibit Antifungal and Antibiofilm Activity Against <scp><i>Candida albicans<\/i><\/scp> via Intracellular <scp>ROS<\/scp> Production"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Nidhi","family":"Chandrakar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Chhattisgarh, Raipur  Raipur Chhattisgarh India"},{"name":"Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre  Kalpakkam India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9123-1941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudhir K.","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre  Kalpakkam India"},{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute  Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dugeshwar","family":"Karley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Chhattisgarh, Raipur  Raipur Chhattisgarh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namrata","family":"Upadhyay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corrosion Science and Technology Division Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research  Kalpakkam India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y. V.","family":"Nancharaiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre  Kalpakkam India"},{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute  Mumbai India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3004404"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.26"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.183.18.5385-5394.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00029-06"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/EC.4.4.633-638.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2006.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.13.101"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"789","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles: A New View on Mechanistic Aspects on Antimicrobial Activity","volume":"12","author":"Dur\u00e1n N.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biology and Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-008-9159-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-015-0147-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2008.09.002"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"385","article-title":"Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Chemical, Physical and Biological Methods","volume":"9","author":"Iravani S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S205736"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S150648"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2009.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2008.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2009.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA10483B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.106833"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2012.08527.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980010003241"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp063826h"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37987"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","article-title":"Bacterial Exopolysaccharides as Reducing and\/or Stabilizing Agents During Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles With Biomedical Applications","volume":"15","author":"Esc\u00e1rcega\u2010Gonz\u00e1lez C. 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