{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:01:20Z","timestamp":1791223280537,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The rapid emergence of antimicrobial resistance, particularly among multidrug\u2010resistant bacteria (MDRB) and biofilm\u2010associated infections, poses a critical public health threat. In this study, a multifunctional nanocomposite with enhanced antibiofilm potential was developed by integrating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) into a bacterial cellulose (BC)\u2010based scaffold. ZnO NPs, synthesized via the co\u2010precipitation method, displayed uniform spherical morphology and were comprehensively characterized using UV\u2013Vis, FTIR, FE\u2010SEM, EDS, XRD, and DLS analyses. A composite nanofiber matrix was fabricated by electrospinning a chitosan (CS)\/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend containing ZnO NPs onto BC, yielding structurally stable BC\u2010PVA\u2010CS\u2010ZnO nanofibers (NFs). Both ZnO NPs and nanofibers exhibited antioxidant activity (30.42% and 34.54%, respectively), and hemocompatibility, confirming their biocompatible nature. Antibacterial studies against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    revealed significant bacterial inhibition, while biofilm assays demonstrated disruption rates of 29.5% (ZnO NPs) and 24.4% (nanofibers), respectively, against\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">P. aeruginosa<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    The synergistic integration of ZnO with CS\/PVA and BC effectively disrupted extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and suppressed MDR biofilms. Owing to its structural integrity, biodegradability, and tissue compatibility, the engineered nanocomposite demonstrates strong potential as an alternative to conventional antibiotics for wound management and prevention of biofilm\u2010related resistant infections.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.70082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T10:16:08Z","timestamp":1763374568000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Targeting Extracellular Polymeric Substances and Multidrug\u2010Resistant Bacteria Biofilms Using Zinc Oxide\u2013Enhanced Chitosan\/Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanofibers Deposited on Bacterial Cellulose"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Suman","family":"Esakkimuthu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterial and Bioprocess laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology Bharathiar University  Coimbatore Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V. S.","family":"Ganga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomaterial and Bioprocess laboratory, Department of Microbial Biotechnology Bharathiar University  Coimbatore Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashok","family":"Arumugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Affairs Bharathiar University  Coimbatore Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9741-4696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadhasivam","family":"Subramaniam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for International Affairs &amp; DBT\u2010Ramalinga Swami Fellow, Department of Microbial Biotechnology Bharathiar University  Coimbatore Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12210-022-01083-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11070832"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance: A Growing Serious Threat for Global Public Health","volume":"11","author":"Salam M. A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Healthcare (Switzerland)"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NA00530E"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2016.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2021.100623"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14061080"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-024-05858-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2020.100686"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5530\/ijper.56.3.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v9i4-s.3426"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10091741"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Production of Bacterial Cellulose by Using Acetobacter Xylinum Isolated From Local Vinegar","author":"Kamal Mohammed R. K. M.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e41126"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c00372"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13122849"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.104712"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118373"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2021.103345"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2024.106000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11082072"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02658-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2023.102688"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e35968"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10965-020-02050-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17518253.2023.2293841"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","article-title":"In Vitro Biocompatibility and Antimicrobial Activities of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) Prepared by Chemical and Green Synthetic Route\u2014A Comparative Study","author":"Mahalakshmi S.","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-022-08344-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2023.123783"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-024-03392-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-03412-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app14051815"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-023-10373-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-019-01686-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-021-00889-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.4c02046"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3923\/ajpp.2025.27.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00405000.2025.2502178","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Unidirectional Water Conducting Double\u2010Layer PVA\/CS\/ZnO\u2010PLA\/ZnO Nanofiber Membranes for Wound Healing","author":"Chen Z.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of the Textile Institute"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69044-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11050452"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09471-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2024.106854"}],"container-title":["APMIS"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/apm.70082","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T03:00:22Z","timestamp":1764558022000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/apm.70082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/apm.70082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apm.70082","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0903-4641","1600-0463"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0903-4641","type":"print"},{"value":"1600-0463","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70082"}}