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These complex microbial ecosystems orchestrate a multifactorial process of decay, adhering to teeth, producing acids that erode enamel, and exhibiting resistance to traditional therapies. This review delves into the intricate mechanisms of cariogenic biofilm formation and pathogenesis, exploring adhesion, acid production, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) mediated acid tolerance, and nutrient acquisition within the biofilm. We then explore novel strategies for disrupting these biofilms, including next\u2010generation antimicrobials, anti\u2010adhesion molecules, biofilm\u2010dispersing enzymes, and the potential of probiotics and prebiotics. Finally, the review examines promising future directions in oral disease treatment, highlighting the potential of personalized medicine, biofilm\u2010modifying enzymes and peptides, host modulation strategies, and the development of combination therapies and advanced delivery systems for enhanced biofilm control. Understanding the mechanisms of cariogenic biofilms and exploring innovative treatment strategies could pave the way for more effective prevention and management of dental caries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.70093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T10:25:58Z","timestamp":1763375158000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["<scp>\n                      <i>Streptococcus mutans<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    and Cariogenic Biofilms: Mechanisms, Disruption Strategies, and Future Therapeutic Directions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Renu","family":"Sarah Samson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry Manipal University College Malaysia  Melaka Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anchu Rachel","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry Manipal University College Malaysia  Melaka Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahida","family":"Parveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry Manipal University College Malaysia  Melaka Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9536-0567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antony Vincent","family":"Samrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Manipal University College Malaysia  Melaka Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8545-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meivelu","family":"Moovendhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Research Saveetha Medical College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS)  Chennai Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajalakshmi","family":"Deenadhayalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology  Chennai Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh","family":"Kumar Varadharajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology  Chennai Tamil Nadu India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522\u2010024\u201000488\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2015.00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9070569"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/dj9080088"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096\u2010019\u201003641\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2016.865"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadva.2024.100133"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2415"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966\u2010842X(01)02012\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.03.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.782825"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/pr060580k"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.2.5.16140"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","first-page":"439","article-title":"Further Studies on the Composition of the Acquired Enamel Pellicle","volume":"91","author":"Eggen K. 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