{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T19:28:12Z","timestamp":1778959692863,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001501","name":"University Grants Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001501","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Dental caries arises from dysbiosis of the oral microbiome, wherein acidogenic pathogens such as\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    dominate over protective commensals. Sodium fluoride (NaF) remains a cornerstone in caries prevention; however, its limited efficacy in high\u2010risk individuals and the emergence of fluoride\u2010resistant strains highlight the need for enhanced therapeutic strategies. The present study investigates the synergistic antibacterial potential of NaF combined with ricinoleic acid (RA), a bioactive fatty acid with established antimicrobial activity. Checkerboard and time\u2010kill assays revealed a strong synergistic interaction between RA and NaF, with a combinatorial minimum inhibitory concentration (CMIC) of 64\u2009+\u2009128\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, respectively. Complete eradication of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    was achieved within 120\u2009min at CMIC (64\u2009+\u2009128\u2009\u03bcg\/mL). The combination significantly disrupted mature biofilms, resulting in an 82% reduction in total biomass as confirmed by confocal microscopy. Mechanistic analyses indicated that RA triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and membrane perturbation, which facilitated enhanced NaF uptake and intracellular antibacterial action. Moreover, the RA\u2010NaF combination markedly inhibited key virulence attributes of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , including acidogenesis and aciduricity, by approximately 76% and 71%, respectively. The treatment also exhibited a sustained post\u2010antimicrobial effect lasting up to 12\u2009h and did not induce bacterial resistance upon repeated exposure. Collectively, these findings highlight that RA potentiates the anticariogenic efficacy of NaF through a multi\u2010targeted cellular mechanism involving oxidative stress induction, membrane disruption, and metabolic suppression. This synergistic combination represents a promising and fluoride\u2010efficient strategy for the prevention and management of dental caries.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.70125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T08:00:30Z","timestamp":1766390430000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Ricinoleic Acid Potentiates Sodium Fluoride's Antibacterial Action Against\n                    <i>Streptococcus mutans<\/i>\n                    : A Synergistic Approach for Caries Control"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Ravichellam","family":"Sangavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus Alagappa University  Karaikudi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nambiraman","family":"Malligarjunan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus Alagappa University  Karaikudi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shunmugiah Karutha","family":"Pandian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus Alagappa University  Karaikudi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5728-6837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanmugaraj","family":"Gowrishankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus Alagappa University  Karaikudi India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12010121"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10714"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2018.81"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2017.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-022-00723-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00095-23"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11237044"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26072001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S107624"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","article-title":"Clinical Prospective Assessment of Genotoxic and Cytotoxic Effects of Fluoride Toothpaste and Mouthwash in Buccal Mucosal Cells","volume":"10","author":"Puizina Mladinic E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2021.101093"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46602\/jcsn.v47i4.795"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enzmictec.2019.109454"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11094-007-0030-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA20136E"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328215581316"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10091076"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14050273"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2015.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2015.1076799"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20010027"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-024-05119-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2014.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/618081"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1588472"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822011000300019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-012-1125-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1458825"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.760768"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","first-page":"1256","article-title":"Synergistic Antimicrobial Combination of Carvacrol and Thymol Impairs Single and Mixed\u2010Species Biofilms of Candida albicans and Staphylococcus epidermidis","volume":"36","author":"Swetha T. 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