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Swab samples were collected in parallel from affected ulcers. The microbiome sequencing results identified that all patients had a polymicrobial flora with the five most frequent genus level OTUs as\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the anaerobe\n                    <jats:italic>Anaerococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Microbiological culture from the same swabs identified multiple species in all but two patient samples and revealed the most common isolates as CoNS\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (17%),\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (14.3%),\n                    <jats:italic>Corynebacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (10.7%),\n                    <jats:italic>Anaerococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (7%),\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (8%) and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (6%). Enteric pathogens such as\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. were also frequently isolated. Attempts to revive anaerobes were largely unsuccessful, identifying a limitation in clinical microbiology storage protocols. Genome sequencing of 55 isolates revealed a high number of ARGs relating to \u03b2\u2010lactams and tetracyclines, indicating multi\u2010drug\u2010resistant organisms (MDROs). This was confirmed by phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility data that included several highly resistant Gram\u2010negative bacteria. Overall, our data add to the picture of DFU microbiome as complex and displaying high levels of anti\u2010microbial resistance (AMR).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.70203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T02:10:01Z","timestamp":1776391801000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Survey of the Microbiome, Culturome and\n                    <scp>ARG<\/scp>\n                    Profile of a Cohort of Chronic Diabetic Foot Lesions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Karolina I.","family":"Pyrzanowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Dentistry University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7092-5328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elspeth N.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Dentistry University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandra","family":"Ramalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Clinical Dentistry University of Sheffield  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marni","family":"Greig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Northern General Hospital  Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv A.","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Northern General Hospital  Sheffield 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