{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T06:01:11Z","timestamp":1785218471952,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784505600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["APMIS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In this study, we report the eco\u2010friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using cell\u2010free supernatant of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    as a biological reducing and stabilising agent. Nanoparticle formation was confirmed by visible colour change and UV\u2013visible spectroscopy (\n                    <jats:italic>\u03bb<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>\n                    at 418\u2009nm). Structural characterisation by SEM, XRD and FT\u2010IR indicated predominantly spherical, crystalline, silver\u2010containing nanoparticles associated with extracellular biomolecules that may contribute to stabilisation; XRD analysis indicated a surface phase dominated by silver halides (AgBr\/AgCl) rather than confirming a purely metallic Ag\n                    <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                    lattice. The biosynthesised AgNPs exhibited strong antimicrobial activity against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 3 and 0.5\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, respectively. Significant antifungal activity was also observed against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , with marked growth suppression at 100\u2009\u03bcg\/mL. The AgNPs effectively reduced biofilm formation, extracellular matrix production and virulence traits. DCFH\u2010DA fluorescence and MTT assays showed increased reactive oxygen species generation and reduced cellular metabolic activity in treated microbes, suggesting oxidative stress\u2010associated antimicrobial effects. Cytotoxicity testing indicated low toxicity towards HeLa cells at lower concentrations, with dose\u2010dependent effects observed only at higher exposure levels. Overall, results demonstrate that biogenic AgNPs possess antibacterial, antifungal and antibiofilm properties, highlighting their potential as sustainable and eco\u2010friendly antimicrobial candidates.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.70239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T01:25:17Z","timestamp":1784597117000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Synthesised Using\n                    <i>Staphylococcus saprophyticus<\/i>\n                    Cell\u2010Free Supernatant Exhibit Potent Antimicrobial Activities via Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8766-0461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nidhi","family":"Chandrakar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Raipur  Raipur India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6917-9625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dugeshwar","family":"Karley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Biotechnology Amity University Raipur  Raipur India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9123-1941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudhir K.","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biofouling and Biofilm Processes Section, Water and Steam Chemistry Division Bhabha Atomic Research Centre  Kalpakkam India"},{"name":"Homi Bhabha National Institute  Mumbai 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