{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T05:49:37Z","timestamp":1791179377481,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,27]],"date-time":"2013-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1361923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Asia-Pacific Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>Cardiac autonomic dysregulation has been proposed in panic disorder (PD<\/jats:styled-content>), but the results are mixed. Analyses with larger sample sizes and better methodology are needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Forty\u2010eight drug\u2010na\u00efve individuals with PD<\/jats:styled-content> and 202 healthy volunteers were recruited for a case\u2010control analysis. We used the H<\/jats:styled-content>amilton A<\/jats:styled-content>nxiety R<\/jats:styled-content>ating S<\/jats:styled-content>cale and the B<\/jats:styled-content>eck A<\/jats:styled-content>nxiety I<\/jats:styled-content>nventory to assess anxiety severity. Cardiac autonomic function was evaluated by measuring heart rate variability (HRV<\/jats:styled-content>) parameters. Frequency\u2010domain indices of HRV<\/jats:styled-content> were obtained. The obtained results were evaluated in association with personality traits assessed by the T<\/jats:styled-content>ridimensional P<\/jats:styled-content>ersonality Q<\/jats:styled-content>uestionnaire.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Patients exhibited reduced mean RR<\/jats:styled-content> interval (816.94\u2009\u00b1\u2009135.92 versus 873.47\u2009\u00b1\u2009143.36 ms, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.014) and HRV<\/jats:styled-content> levels (V<\/jats:styled-content>ar 6.37\u2009\u00b1\u20091.32 versus 7.38\u2009\u00b1\u20090.95, LF<\/jats:styled-content> 4.90\u2009\u00b1\u20091.63 versus5.82\u2009\u00b1\u20091.11 and HF<\/jats:styled-content> 4.57\u2009\u00b1\u20091.53 versus 5.62\u2009\u00b1\u20091.24 [ln(ms2)], all P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001) as compared to controls, which mainly suggested a reduction in cardiac vagal control in PD<\/jats:styled-content>. The anxiety severity was negatively correlated with HRV<\/jats:styled-content> levels (r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.29 for V<\/jats:styled-content>ar, r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.22 for LF<\/jats:styled-content> and r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.28 for HF<\/jats:styled-content>, all P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.001). The harm avoidance score (which has been suggested to be associated with serotonergic activity) was associated with decreased HRV<\/jats:styled-content> levels (r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.22 for V<\/jats:styled-content>ar, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.01, r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.14 for LF<\/jats:styled-content>, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.05 and r\u2009=\u2009\u22120.17 for HF<\/jats:styled-content>, P<\/jats:italic>\u2009<\u20090.01).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Discussion<\/jats:title>This study demonstrates that PD<\/jats:styled-content> is associated with cardiac autonomic dysregulation, highlighting the importance of assessing HRV<\/jats:styled-content> in PD<\/jats:styled-content> patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,28]],"date-time":"2013-02-28T18:27:37Z","timestamp":1362076057000},"page":"80-89","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Decreased cardiac vagal control in drug\u2010naive patients with panic disorder: A case\u2010control study in T<\/scp>aiwan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Hsin\u2010An","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Tri\u2010Service General Hospital National Defense Medical Center Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan\u2010Chia","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Tri\u2010Service General Hospital National Defense Medical Center Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nian\u2010Sheng","family":"Tzeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Tri\u2010Service General Hospital National Defense Medical Center Taipei Taiwan"},{"name":"Student Counseling Center National Defense Medical Center Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry B. J.","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Brain Science National Yang\u2010Ming University Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ru\u2010Band","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Behavioral Medicine and Department of Psychiatry College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"San\u2010Yuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Tri\u2010Service General Hospital National Defense Medical Center Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000195872.00987.db"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Beck Anxiety Inventory Manual","author":"Beck 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