{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T12:27:44Z","timestamp":1753878464319,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,2]],"date-time":"2019-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1556755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asia-Pacific Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite a significant number of patients dependent on \u201cpoppy husk\u201d in India, they are poorly characterized. Moreover, scarce data is available with respect to their treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cohort of 148 patients with \u201cpoppy husk\u201d dependence receiving substitution treatment with buprenorphine\/naloxone were followed up for 4\u00a0years, using a retrospective chart\u2010based assessment. Baseline demographic and substance\u2010related characteristics were described. Retention rates (operationally redefined as \u201c6 months of uninterrupted contact anytime during their visits\u201d) over the next 4\u00a0years and their predictors were assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean age of onset of \u201cpoppy husk\u201d use was found to be 27.51\u00a0years, and mean duration of dependence was 18.25\u00a0years. Mean amount of poppy husk consumed per month was 3.7 kg. Commonest reasons for initiating and quitting its use were enhancing work efficiency and lack of availability, respectively. Retention rates were 25%. Significant predictors of retention were age more than 40\u00a0years (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.295; 95%CI\u00a0=\u00a01.015\u20105.19) and uninterrupted treatment duration for at least 1\u00a0month from first contact (for 1\u00a0month (OR\u00a0=\u00a05.625; 95%CI\u00a0=\u00a02.28\u201013.89), for 3\u00a0months (OR\u00a0=\u00a010.96; 95%CI\u00a0=\u00a04.65\u201025.85), and for 6\u00a0months (OR\u00a0=\u00a052.8; 95%CI:14.08\u2010197.98).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Factors associated with occupation such as enhancing work efficiency and overcoming fatigue are related to use of \u201cpoppy husk.\u201d While the amount of intake is considerably large among treatment seekers who are dependent on it, their dependence duration is longer and retention rates lower than those reported for patients with prescription and injectable opioid dependence. Specific strategies to tap patients less than 40\u00a0years and to target uninterrupted contact in initial phases of maintenance should be developed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,3]],"date-time":"2019-05-03T05:53:15Z","timestamp":1556862795000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Buprenorphine\/naloxone maintenance for \u201cpoppy husk\u201d dependence: A retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9032-1227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sai Krishna","family":"Tikka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)  Raipur India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lokesh Kumar","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)  Raipur India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Spoorthy Sai","family":"Mamidipalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)  Raipur India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ashwathnarayan","family":"Purushotham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)  Raipur India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K. 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