{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:49:08Z","timestamp":1782272948471,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82504530"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82504530"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004733","name":"Universidade de Macau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MYRG2019\u201000066\u2010FHS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MYRG2019\u201000066\u2010FHS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004733","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004733","name":"Universidade de Macau","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MYRG2022\u201000187\u2010FHS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MYRG2022\u201000187\u2010FHS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004733","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asia-Pacific Psychiatry"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Depressive symptoms and sleep problems are prevalent among older adults with depression. To reduce their adverse impact, it is important to understand the changes in symptom patterns as the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) pandemic emerged. This longitudinal study examined the interactive changes between depressive symptoms and sleep problems among older adults with depression before and during the COVID\u201019 pandemic from a network perspective in the USA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This network analysis study was based on data from the three waves (2016, 2018, and 2020) of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). Depressive symptoms were measured using the eight\u2010item version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD\u20108), and sleep problems were assessed with the four\u2010item Jenkins Sleep Scale (JSS\u20104). The study examined central symptoms and bridge symptoms within the network model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 2905 older adults with depression were included in the analyses. The prevalence of depressive symptoms did not significantly change in the study wave during the COVID\u201019 compared to the pre\u2010pandemic waves. \u201cFeeling Depressed\u201d was the most central symptom of the depression\u2014sleep problems network in the 2016 wave, while \u201cFeeling Sad\u201d was the most central symptom in both the 2018 and 2020 waves. Additionally, \u201cFeeling Loneliness\u201d was the key bridge symptom of the depression\u2014sleep problems network in the 2016 wave, while \u201cNot Enjoying Life\u201d was the key bridge symptom in the 2018 wave, and \u201cFeeling Rested in Morning\u201d was the key bridge symptom in the 2020 wave.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings highlighted that central and bridge symptoms were potential targets in treating depressive symptoms and sleep problems among older adults with depression across the study period in the USA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.70023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T02:40:26Z","timestamp":1778121626000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inter\u2010Relationships Between Depressive Symptoms And Sleep Problems Among Older Adults With Depression: Findings of a National Survey in the\n                    <scp>USA<\/scp>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7915-1092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong","family":"Cai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Behavior Medicine, School of Public Health Guangxi Medical University  Nanning Guangxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"He\u2010Li","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, &amp; Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Macau  Macao China"},{"name":"Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences University of Macau  Macao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinge","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders &amp; National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao\u2010Hong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Huilongguan Hospital Capital Medical University, Peking University Huilongguan Clinical Medical School  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2005-9504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Southeast University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teris","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing Hong Kong Polytechnic University  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4821-4764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabor S.","family":"Ungvari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry University of Notre Dame Australia  Fremantle Australia"},{"name":"Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine University of Western Australia  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3811-2732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chee H.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic and St Vincent's Hospital University of Melbourne  Richmond Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9713-1458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders &amp; National Center for Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2906-0029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu\u2010Tao","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, &amp; Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Macau  Macao China"},{"name":"Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences University of Macau  Macao China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.01.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.1054"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20375"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.21.1.140"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.01.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2020.102071"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255088"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2020.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxs004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30736-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000497425"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000508773"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1909888116"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"qgraph: Network Visualizations of Relationships in Psychometric Data","volume":"48","author":"Epskamp S.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","unstructured":"Epskamp S. andE. I.Fried.2020.\u201cPackage \u2018bootnet\u2019. R Package Version 1.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.19686"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2021.1940097"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-009-9449-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12443"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30171-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001258"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000365"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.36676"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691616639283"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702620922969"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","volume-title":"Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx)","author":"Institute of Health Metrics Evaluation","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0895-4356(88)90138-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1087-0792(03)00025-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2019.1614898"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/146277"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081911"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12406"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(87)90029-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2020.242"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004500"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2022.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab500"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.4.489"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-021-00511-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30564-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60750-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291709006011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/smrv.2002.0186"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12427"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113514"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30153-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-021-03276-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0411-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-020-1500-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2021.6588"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.2116"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu067"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steffick D. E.2000.\u201cDocumentation of Affective Functioning Measures in the Health and Retirement Study[Internet].\u201dInstitute for Social Research U.o. Michigan; 2000.http:\/\/hrsonline.isr.umich.edu\/sitedocs\/userg\/dr\u2010005.pdf.","DOI":"10.7826\/ISR-UM.06.585031.001.05.0005.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00069-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00156-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610299005694"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","unstructured":"University of Michigan Institute for Social Research.2018.\u201cHealth and Retirement Study: Institutional Review Board Information.\u201dhttps:\/\/hrs.isr.umich.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/biblio\/HRS_IRB_Information%28web%29_08_2018.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.2079"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/appy.12412"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.48"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30547-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-00881-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-021-02742-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20845"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5161"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0144686X1000139X"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30079-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720001014"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.016"}],"container-title":["Asia-Pacific Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/appy.70023","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/appy.70023","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/appy.70023","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T03:32:49Z","timestamp":1782271969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/appy.70023"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/appy.70023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/appy.70023","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1758-5864","1758-5872"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1758-5864","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-5872","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-13","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70023"}}