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Articles were considered on the background of the European Association for the Study of the Liver (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EASL<\/jats:styled-content>) and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AASLD<\/jats:styled-content>) practice guidelines and clinical experience of the authors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ongoing challenges in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content> mainly pertain to the improvement of medical therapy, particularly for patients with a suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid. In <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PSC<\/jats:styled-content>, development of medical therapies and sensitive screening protocols for cholangiocarcinoma represent areas of intense research. To rationally improve patient management, a better understanding of pathogenesis, including complications like pruritis and fatigue, is needed and there is a need to identify biomarker end\u2010points for treatment effect and prognosis. Timing of liver transplantation and determining optimal regimens of immunosuppression post\u2010liver transplantation will also benefit from better appreciation of pre\u2010transplant disease mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Controversies in the management of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content> and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PSC<\/jats:styled-content> relate to topics where evidence for current practice is weak and further research is needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12581","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,30]],"date-time":"2013-12-30T04:26:41Z","timestamp":1388377601000},"page":"282-301","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Review article: controversies in the management of primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"T. 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