{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T19:55:49Z","timestamp":1783972549248,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Current evidence suggests that many patients with self\u2010reported non\u2010coeliac gluten sensitivity (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NCGS<\/jats:styled-content>) retain gastrointestinal symptoms on a gluten\u2010free diet (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GFD<\/jats:styled-content>) but continue to restrict gluten as they report \u2018feeling better\u2019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the notion that a major effect of gluten in those with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NCGS<\/jats:styled-content> is on mental state and not necessarily on gastrointestinal symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010two subjects (24\u201362\u00a0years, five male) with irritable bowel syndrome who had coeliac disease excluded but were symptomatically controlled on a <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GFD<\/jats:styled-content>, undertook a double\u2010blind cross\u2010over study. Participants randomly received one of three dietary challenges for 3\u00a0days, followed by a minimum 3\u2010day washout before crossing over to the next diet. Challenge gluten\u2010free food was supplemented with gluten (16\u00a0g\/day), whey (16\u00a0g\/day) or not supplemented (placebo). End\u2010points included mental state as assessed by the Spielberger State Trait Personality Inventory (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STPI<\/jats:styled-content>), cortisol secretion and gastrointestinal symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gluten ingestion was associated with higher overall <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STPI<\/jats:styled-content> state depression scores compared to placebo [<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a02.03, 95% CI (0.55\u20133.51), <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.010] but not whey [<jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a01.48, 95% CI (\u22120.14 to 3.10), <jats:italic>P\u00a0=\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.07]. No differences were found for other <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STPI<\/jats:styled-content> state indices or for any <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">STPI<\/jats:styled-content> trait measures. No difference in cortisol secretion was identified between challenges. Gastrointestinal symptoms were induced similarly across all dietary challenges.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Short\u2010term exposure to gluten specifically induced current feelings of depression with no effect on other indices or on emotional disposition. Gluten\u2010specific induction of gastrointestinal symptoms was not identified. Such findings might explain why patients with non\u2010coeliac gluten sensitivity feel better on a gluten\u2010free diet despite the continuation of gastrointestinal symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12730","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,2]],"date-time":"2014-04-02T02:08:46Z","timestamp":1396404526000},"page":"1104-1112","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":106,"title":["Randomised clinical trial: gluten may cause depression in subjects with non\u2010coeliac gluten sensitivity \u2013 an exploratory clinical study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"S. L.","family":"Peters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology Central Clinical School Monash University The Alfred Hospital Melbourne Vic Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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