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These cells recruit pro\u2010inflammatory T helper type 1 lymphocytes expressing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCR<\/jats:styled-content>3 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCR<\/jats:styled-content>5 by secreting <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>10. Resident natural killer T cells expressing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCR<\/jats:styled-content>6 migrate in response to the local secretion of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>16, and they modulate the inflammatory response. T helper type 2 lymphocytes expressing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCR<\/jats:styled-content>4 are attracted by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>17 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>22, and they dampen the expansion of pro\u2010inflammatory cells. Regulatory T cells expressing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCR<\/jats:styled-content>3 are attracted by the secretion of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>9, and they help dampen the pro\u2010inflammatory responses. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>2, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>3, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CCL<\/jats:styled-content>5, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>4, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>10 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CXCL<\/jats:styled-content>16 promote fibrosis by activating or attracting hepatic stellate cells, and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CX<\/jats:styled-content>3<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CL<\/jats:styled-content>1 may prevent fibrosis by affecting the apoptosis of monocytes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chemokines are requisites for mobilising, directing and positioning the effector cells in immune\u2010mediated liver disease. They are feasible therapeutic targets in autoimmune hepatitis, and the evaluation of monoclonal antibodies that neutralise the pro\u2010inflammatory ligands or designer peptides that block receptor activity are investigational opportunities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12825","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,3]],"date-time":"2014-06-03T01:37:53Z","timestamp":1401759473000},"page":"261-279","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["Review article: chemokines as orchestrators of autoimmune hepatitis and potential therapeutic targets"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"A. 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