{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T13:57:54Z","timestamp":1790517474349,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]],"date-time":"2014-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1405987200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Leuven University","award":["Methusalem Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Methusalem Grant"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>No validated patient\u2010reported outcome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRO<\/jats:styled-content>) measure exists for functional dyspepsia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FD<\/jats:styled-content>) assessment. Verbal descriptions of different upper abdominal symptoms may be poorly distinguishable to patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate whether understanding of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FD<\/jats:styled-content> symptoms is enhanced by pictograms symbolising the nature of the symptoms, besides verbal descriptors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consecutive <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FD<\/jats:styled-content> patients were randomised to fill out a questionnaire assessing nineupper gastrointestinal symptoms (post\u2010prandial fullness, early satiation, epigastric pain, epigastric burning, bloating centred in the upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, heartburn, regurgitation) with or without accompanying pictograms. Symptoms were rated for frequency and severity (0\u20135), and patients also identified the most bothersome symptom. Subsequently, in\u2010depth history was taken by an expert clinician, who filled out the same symptom ratings. Concordance between patient and clinician ratings was quantified using chi\u2010square and kappa statistics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Content validity of pictograms was first confirmed by 15 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FD<\/jats:styled-content> patients. Next, 76 patients (52 women, age 42.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.9) were randomised to questionnaires with or without pictograms. The concordance with clinician's assessment as gold standard rose from 36 without to 48% for questions with pictograms (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001). Considering the Rome <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">III<\/jats:styled-content> subdivision, benefit in concordance with pictograms was present for post\u2010prandial distress, epigastric pain syndrome and reflux symptoms. Kappa statistics confirmed these gains (weighted kappa values for concordance of symptom frequency ratings rose from 0.214 to 0.446 with pictograms), and also showed better concordance of the most bothersome symptom with pictograms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pictograms accompanying verbal descriptors significantly improve concordance of functional dyspepsia symptom ratings by patients with evaluation by their physicians.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,23]],"date-time":"2014-07-23T01:33:10Z","timestamp":1406079190000},"page":"523-530","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["The use of pictograms improves symptom evaluation by patients with functional dyspepsia"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Tack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Holvoet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Vanheel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Vanuytsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Vandenberghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) University of Leuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.11.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.05.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04566.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health and Human Services FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services FDA Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services FDA Center for Devices and Radiological Health.Guidance for industry: patient\u2010reported outcome measures: use in medical product development to support labeling claims. 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