{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T13:56:14Z","timestamp":1790517374365,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,8]],"date-time":"2014-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1407456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is increasing evidence that impaired mucosal defence mechanisms are implicated in the pathogenesis of the functional gastrointestinal disorders (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGID<\/jats:styled-content>s), allowing inappropriate immune activation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To test the hypothesis that an excess of autoimmune disorders among sufferers, using a large primary care database to examine this.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cases were diagnosed with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGID<\/jats:styled-content>s \u2013 irritable bowel syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBS<\/jats:styled-content>), functional dyspepsia (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FD<\/jats:styled-content>), chronic idiopathic constipation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIC<\/jats:styled-content>), and multiple <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGID<\/jats:styled-content>s. Controls were those without <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGID<\/jats:styled-content>s. Prevalence of autoimmune disorders was compared between cases and controls using odds ratios (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content>s) and 95% confidence intervals (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>s).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 23\u00a0471 patients (mean age 51.4\u00a0years, 66.1% female). Prevalence of autoimmune disorders was greater among all <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGID<\/jats:styled-content>s, compared with controls without. In those with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FD<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.35; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.12\u20131.63), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIC<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.75; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.11\u20132.75), or multiple <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGID<\/jats:styled-content>s (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.49; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.25\u20131.77) this was statistically significant after controlling for age and gender. Rheumatological autoimmune disorders were significantly more frequent in those with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FD<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.44; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.15\u20131.80), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIC<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.84; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.08\u20133.13), or multiple <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGID<\/jats:styled-content>s (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">OR<\/jats:styled-content> 1.53; 95% <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> 1.24\u20131.88), after controlling for age and gender. However, endocrine autoimmune disorders were no more frequent in those with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGID<\/jats:styled-content>s, after controlling for age and gender.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a large sample of primary care patients, there was a significantly higher prevalence of autoimmune disorders among those with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FD<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\"> CIC<\/jats:styled-content>, or multiple <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FGID<\/jats:styled-content>s not explained by differences in age or gender. We were unable to control for concomitant drug use, which may partly explain this association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,8]],"date-time":"2014-08-08T11:51:57Z","timestamp":1407498717000},"page":"827-834","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Increased prevalence of autoimmune diseases in functional gastrointestinal disorders: case\u2013control study of 23\u00a0471 primary care patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"A. C.","family":"Ford","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Gastroenterology Institute St. James's University Hospital Leeds UK"},{"name":"Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences University of Leeds Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N. 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