{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T06:01:45Z","timestamp":1773900105637,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,18]],"date-time":"2014-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1418860800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP97798\/115154"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP97798\/115154"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000264","name":"Canadian Liver Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000264","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000145","name":"Alberta Innovates - Health Solutions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200800252"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200800252"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000145","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000001","name":"Alberta Cancer Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000146","name":"Alberta Innovates - Technology Futures","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000146","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A human betaretrovirus (HBRV) has been linked with primary biliary cirrhosis (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content>) following the detection of viral particles in biliary epithelium by electron microscopy and cloning of the betaretrovirus genome from biliary epithelium and peri\u2010hepatic lymph nodes. Evidence for viral infection was found in the majority of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content> patients' peri\u2010hepatic lymph node samples. However, less than a third of the liver samples had detectable HBRV, whereas others were unable to detect betaretrovirus infection or noted the presence of virus in the liver of patients with other diagnoses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To address the hypothesis that the betaretrovirus may be below the limits of detection in the liver, biliary epithelial cells (BEC) were investigated for the evidence of infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ligation\u2010mediated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content> and next generation sequencing were used to detect proviral integrations in liver, lymph nodes and BEC isolated from liver transplant recipients. Hybridisation\u2010based assays were used to detect betaretroviral <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> in BEC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Unique HBRV integrations and betaretrovirus <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RNA<\/jats:styled-content> were detected in the majority of biliary epithelia derived from patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content>, autoimmune hepatitis and cryptogenic liver disease but rarely in other liver transplant recipients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and other hepatic disorders. HBRV integrations were commonly found in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBC<\/jats:styled-content> patients' lymph nodes but rarely in whole liver samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human betaretrovirus infection is frequently observed at the site of disease in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">primary biliary cirrhosis<\/jats:styled-content> and also in biliary epithelium of patients with autoimmune hepatitis and cryptogenic liver disease.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T06:50:53Z","timestamp":1418971853000},"page":"393-405","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Frequent proviral integration of the human betaretrovirus in biliary epithelium of patients with autoimmune and idiopathic liver disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"W.","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Gastrointestinal Inflammation and Immunity Research University of Alberta Edmonton AB Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Indik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S. 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