{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:15:10Z","timestamp":1791976510833,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,5]],"date-time":"2015-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many therapeutic drugs are used by patients with inflammatory bowel disease, often around the time of conception. The pregnancy outcomes of males and females exposed to these therapeutics needs to be examined and this information is necessary to counsel patients appropriately.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To review the literature describing male infertility and inflammatory bowel disease to educate practitioners of the impact of inflammatory bowel disease on male reproduction and the impact of therapeutics on pregnancy outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a PubMed search using the search terms \u2018male infertility,\u2019 \u2018Crohn's disease,\u2019 \u2018inflammatory bowel disease,\u2019 \u2018ulcerative colitis,\u2019 \u2018ciprofloxacin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AND<\/jats:styled-content> infertility,\u2019 \u2018metronidazole <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AND<\/jats:styled-content> infertility,\u2019 \u2018sulfasalazine <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AND<\/jats:styled-content> infertility,\u2019 \u2018azathioprine <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AND<\/jats:styled-content> infertility,\u2019 \u2018methotrexate <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AND<\/jats:styled-content> infertility,\u2019 \u2018ciclosporin <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AND<\/jats:styled-content> infertility,\u2019 \u2018corticosteroids <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AND<\/jats:styled-content> infertility,\u2019 \u2018infliximab <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AND<\/jats:styled-content> male fertility,\u2019 \u2018infliximab <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AND<\/jats:styled-content> infertility,\u2019 \u2018infliximab <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AND<\/jats:styled-content> foetus,\u2019 \u2018infliximab <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AND<\/jats:styled-content> paternal exposure\u2019 and \u2018infliximab <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AND<\/jats:styled-content> sperm.\u2019 References from selected papers were reviewed and used if relevant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over half of male patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBD<\/jats:styled-content> have some degree of infertility, compared to 8\u201317% of the general population. Semen parameters including total count, motility and morphology may be adversely affected by therapeutics. <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IBD<\/jats:styled-content> medications in males do not increase foetal risk with the possible exception of azathioprine and mercaptopurine; however, increased foetal risk is seen in other drugs if taken by female patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is recognised that male infertility is often impacted with therapeutic drugs used to treat inflammatory bowel disease; however, the effects of the paternal drug exposure at the time of conception and exposure <jats:italic>in utero<\/jats:italic> should be considered to counsel patients appropriately.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,6]],"date-time":"2015-03-06T02:01:42Z","timestamp":1425607302000},"page":"821-834","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Review article: the safety of therapeutic drugs in male inflammatory bowel disease patients wishing to conceive"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"K.","family":"Sands","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"EW Sparrow Hospital Urology Residency Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine Lansing MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Zaslau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Urology West Virginia University Morgantown WV USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D.","family":"Greenwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Stanford University Stanford CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.2.159"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.291.6510.1693"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.20.2283"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03397.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12478"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2012.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2008.90"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528309181559"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198908000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","first-page":"623","article-title":"Fertility and inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"88","author":"Serghini M","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tunis Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2009.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.62.726.269"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.22.6.452"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfi071"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)53050-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.22.6.445"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2011.529898"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.25.10.1078"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528909089231"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1590-8658(01)80108-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)46399-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.28.8.1008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2003.11.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/19396368.2014.952391"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2008.168"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.727"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1980.01640260091025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01485010490250533"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","first-page":"577","article-title":"Effect of methotrexate on male fertility","volume":"49","author":"French AE","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20722"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket390"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.28692"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510011597"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.01828.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2010.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2004.01889.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2003.50014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.01846.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22948"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005392-199805000-00103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000164023.10848.c4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.078097"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2009.127423"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.080554"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","first-page":"765","article-title":"Impact of TNF\u2010blocking agents on male sperm characteristics and pregnancy outcomes in fathers exposed to TNF\u2010blocking agents at time of conception","volume":"30","author":"Puchner R","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12069"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.10.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-6238(02)00052-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","first-page":"294","article-title":"Long\u2010term effect of ciprofloxacin on testicular tissue: evidence for biochemical and histochemical changes","volume":"6","author":"Zobeiri F","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Fertil Steril"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Adverse effects of ciprofloxacin on testis apoptosis and sperm parameters in rats","volume":"6","author":"Khaki A","year":"2008","journal-title":"Iran J Reprod Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01216.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","unstructured":"JarrowJ SharlipI BelkerA et\u00a0al.Male Infertility Best Practices Policy of the American Urological Association: optimal Evaluation of the Infertile Patient and Management of Obstructive Azoospermia AUA Update Series.2002; Lesson 38 Volume XXI.http:\/\/www.auanet.org\/common\/pdf\/education\/clinical-guidance\/Male-Infertility-d.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.2003.tb00870.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","first-page":"288","article-title":"Zinc and vitamin A deficiency in gastrointestinal diseases","volume":"14","author":"Sch\u00f6lmerich J","year":"1984","journal-title":"Leber Magen Darm"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","first-page":"544","article-title":"Experimental zinc deficiency in man. Effect on testicular function","volume":"96","author":"Abbasi AA","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20839"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.05.041"}],"container-title":["Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fapt.13142","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/apt.13142","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,5]],"date-time":"2023-10-05T08:40:39Z","timestamp":1696495239000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/apt.13142"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,5]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/apt.13142"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.13142","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-2813","1365-2036"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-2813","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2036","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,5]]}}}