{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T22:42:29Z","timestamp":1792017749183,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]],"date-time":"2015-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Z\u00fcrich Center for Integrated Human Physiology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hiccups are familiar to everyone, but remain poorly understood. Acute hiccups can often be terminated by physical manoeuvres. In contrast, persistent and intractable hiccups that continue for days or months are rare, but can be distressing and difficult to treat.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review the management of hiccups, including a systematic review of reported efficacy and safety of pharmacological treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Available articles were identified using three electronic databases in addition to hand searching of published articles. Inclusion criteria were any reports of pharmaceutical therapy of \u2018hiccup(s)\u2019, \u2018hiccough(s)\u2019 or \u2018singultus\u2019 in English or German.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Treatment of 341 patients with persistent or intractable hiccups was reported in 15 published studies. Management was most effective when directed at the underlying condition. An empirical trial of anti\u2010reflux therapy may be appropriate. If the underlying cause is not known or not treatable, then a range of pharmacological agents may provide benefit; however, systematic review revealed no adequately powered, well\u2010designed trials of treatment. The use of baclofen and metoclopramide are supported by small randomised, placebo\u2010controlled trials. Observational data suggest that gabapentin and chlorpromazine are also effective. Baclofen and gabapentin are less likely than standard neuroleptic agents to cause side effects during long\u2010term therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review revealed no high quality data on which to base treatment recommendations. Based on limited efficacy and safety data, baclofen and gabapentin may be considered as first line therapy for persistent and intractable hiccups, with metoclopramide and chlorpromazine in reserve.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]],"date-time":"2015-08-25T22:59:24Z","timestamp":1440543564000},"page":"1037-1050","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":223,"title":["Systemic review: the pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment of hiccups"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"M.","family":"Steger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine University Hospital Z\u00fcrich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Schneemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine University Hospital Z\u00fcrich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology University Hospital Z\u00fcrich Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"},{"name":"Z\u00fcrich Center for Integrated Human Physiology Z\u00fcrich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.41.5.712"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm.2012.18.2.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(05)81620-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"480","article-title":"Retrospective analysis of hiccups in patients at a community hospital from 1995\u20102000","volume":"94","author":"Cymet TC","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.meg.0000230081.53298.03"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01612_4.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e3181de8943"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1996.tb03023.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/93.4.851"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2010.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dote.12253"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-199502000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.06040563"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"282","article-title":"Chlorpromazine in the treatment of stubborn hiccup","volume":"84","author":"Davignon A","year":"1955","journal-title":"Union Med Can"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1955.02950210005002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(97)80055-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"559","article-title":"ETICS study: empirical therapy of idiopathic chronic singultus","volume":"36","author":"Petronianu G","year":"1998","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.smj.0000247632.84949.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"CD008768","article-title":"Interventions for treating persistent and intractable hiccups in adults","volume":"1","author":"Moretto EN","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.12542"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-295"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08020235"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","volume-title":"The Complete Calvin and Hobbes","author":"Watterson B","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772014525742"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(88)80594-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1460-9592.1999.00378.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.11.1368"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1378"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","unstructured":"FDA.Metoclopramide Safety2009. 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