{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T16:46:10Z","timestamp":1785775570044,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]],"date-time":"2016-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Marked epidemiological changes in upper gastrointestinal diseases and <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> infection have taken place in the Asian Pacific region. In particular, differences with respect to race in the multiracial Asian population in Malaysia have been important and interesting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>A time trend study of upper gastrointestinal disease and <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection in three time periods: 1989\u20131990, 1999\u20132000 and 2009\u20132010 spanning a period of 20\u00a0years was carried out.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consecutive first time gastroscopies carried out on patients attending the University of Malaya Medical Center were studied. Diagnoses and <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection status were carefully recorded.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A steady decline in prevalence of duodenal ulcer (DU) and gastric ulcer (GU) from 21.1% to 9.5% to 5.0% and from 11.9% to 9.4% to 9.9% while an increase in erosive oesophagitis (EO) from 2.0% to 8.4% to 9.5% (chi\u2010square for trend; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) for the periods 1989\u20131990, 1999\u2013200 and 2009\u20132010 were observed. The overall prevalence of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> had also decreased from 51.7% to 30.3% to 11.1% for the same periods of time. The proportion of <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> positive ulcers had also decreased: DU (90.1%\u201369.8%\u201328.9%) and GU (86.6\u201356.8%\u201318.9%) (<jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.001). This was observed in Malays, Chinese and Indians but the difference over time was most marked in Malays. There was a steady decline in the proportion of patients with gastric and oesophageal cancers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Peptic ulcers have declined significantly over a 20\u2010year period together with a decline in <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection. In contrast, a steady increase in erosive oesophagitis was observed. Gastric and oesophageal squamous cell cancers have declined to low levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]],"date-time":"2016-02-05T09:05:56Z","timestamp":1454663156000},"page":"831-837","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Time trends in upper gastrointestinal diseases and <i>Helicobacter pylori<\/i> infection in a multiracial Asian population \u2013 a 20\u2010year experience over three time periods"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"A. H.\u2010R.","family":"Leow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.\u2010Y.","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"W.\u2010C.","family":"Liew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.\u2010L.","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.03930.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"The rapid urease test in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"35","author":"Goh KL","year":"1994","journal-title":"Singapore Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","unstructured":"Pharmaceutical Services Division and Clinical Research Centre Ministry of Health Malaysia.Malaysian statistics on medicine 2009 & 2010.Kuala Lumpur 2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mge.2001.112840"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-200405000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DDAS.0000017444.30792.94"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02530.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2010.06534.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2005.50138.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2006.04355.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318191e9d5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32830e285a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2009.06214.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","first-page":"497","article-title":"Time trends in the incidence of peptic ulcers and oesophagitis between 1994 and 2003","volume":"57","author":"Bartholomeeusen S","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br\u00a0J Gen Pract"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","first-page":"222","article-title":"The\u00a0changing prevalence of upper gastrointestinal endoscopic diagnoses: a single\u2010centre study","volume":"70","author":"Loffeld RJ","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neth J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12620"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13474"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","unstructured":"FerlayJ SoerjomataramI ErvikM et\u00a0al. (2013)GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0 Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC Cancer Base No. 11 [Internet].Lyon France:International Agency for Research on Cancer. Available at:http:\/\/globocan.iarc.fr(accessed 1 January 2016)."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12164"}],"container-title":["Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fapt.13550","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/apt.13550","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T16:18:17Z","timestamp":1695485897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/apt.13550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/apt.13550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.13550","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-2813","1365-2036"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-2813","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2036","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,5]]}}}