{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T13:56:20Z","timestamp":1790517380496,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]],"date-time":"2016-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470960000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Leuven University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A validated patient\u2010reported outcome instrument is lacking for the functional dyspepsia\/postprandial distress syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To validate the Leuven Postprandial Distress Scale (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPDS<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPDS<\/jats:styled-content> diary, comprising eight symptoms with verbal descriptors rated for severity (0\u20134), was derived from focus groups and cognitive debriefing. It was used in a 2\u2010week run\u2010in, 8\u2010week double\u2010blind placebo\u2010controlled trial of itopride 100 mg t.d.s. Results in 60 patients, with concealed treatment allocation, were used to analyse <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPDS<\/jats:styled-content> content validity, consistency, reliability and responsiveness. Patients also filled out Patient Assessment of Gastrointestinal Symptoms (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAGI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SYM<\/jats:styled-content>), Nepean Dyspepsia Index, overall treatment evaluation and overall symptom severity questionnaires. Construct validity was evaluated by known\u2010group analyses and by correlating <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPDS<\/jats:styled-content> with these additional questionnaires. Minimum Clinically Important Difference was determined from threshold changes in anchor questionnaires.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Symptom patterns and factor analysis identified three cardinal symptoms of postprandial distress syndrome (early satiation, postprandial fullness, upper abdominal bloating), whose mean intensities generate weekly <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPDS<\/jats:styled-content> scores. Known\u2010groups analysis showed large\u2010effect\u2010size differences in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPDS<\/jats:styled-content> scores (Cohen's <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic> = 2.16). Strong correlations (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.57) between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPDS<\/jats:styled-content> scores and relevant anchors at baseline indicate good convergent validity. Internal consistency of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPDS<\/jats:styled-content> was good (\u03b1 &gt; 0.85) with high inter\u2010item correlations (0.67\u20130.76), and test\u2013retest reliability (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.85). Changes in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LPDS<\/jats:styled-content> scores were highly convergent with changes in overall treatment evaluation, overall symptom severity and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PAGI<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SYM<\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> &gt; 0.52). minimum clinically important difference analysis generated thresholds of 0.4\u20100.6.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The Leuven Postprandial Distress Scale, which is supported by the European Medicines Agency, is a sensitive and reliable patient\u2010reported outcome instrument to assess symptoms in the functional dyspepsia\/postprandial distress syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,12]],"date-time":"2016-08-12T13:18:02Z","timestamp":1471007882000},"page":"989-1001","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Validation of the Leuven Postprandial Distress Scale, a questionnaire for symptom assessment in the functional dyspepsia\/postprandial distress syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Carbone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gastroenterological Research TARGID KULeuven Leuven Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Vandenberghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Consultant Chaumont\u2010Gistoux Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Holvoet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology UZLeuven Leuven 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