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Psychosocial intervention is the mainstay of the treatment but adjuvant pharmacotherapy is also available and its use recommended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To provide an updated analysis of current and potential pharmacotherapeutic options for the management of alcohol dependence. In addition, factors predictive of therapeutic outcome, including compliance and pharmacogenetics, and the current barriers to treatment, including doctors\u2019 unwillingness to prescribe these agents, will be explored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Relevant papers were selected for review following extensive, language\u2010 and date\u2010unrestricted, electronic and manual searches of the literature.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acamprosate and naltrexone have a substantial evidence base for overall efficacy, safety and cost\u2010effectiveness while the risks associated with the use of disulfiram are well\u2010known and can be minimised with appropriate patient selection and supervision. Acamprosate can be used safely in patients with liver disease and in those with comorbid mental health issues and co\u2010occurring drug\u2010related problems. A number of other agents are being investigated for potential use for this indication including: baclofen, topiramate and metadoxine.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence has been shown to be moderately efficacious with few safety concerns, but it is substantially underutilised. Concerted efforts must be made to remove the barriers to treatment in order to optimise the management of people with this condition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,21]],"date-time":"2017-02-21T15:58:35Z","timestamp":1487692715000},"page":"865-882","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Review article: pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence \u2013 the why, the what and the wherefore"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"E. 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