{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:04:08Z","timestamp":1788271448149,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,19]],"date-time":"2017-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1497830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Giuliani Inc","award":["N\u00b0 95\/03\/E2 2013\/01\/17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\u00b0 95\/03\/E2 2013\/01\/17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A gluten\u2010free diet is currently the only reliable therapeutic strategy that is approved for coeliac disease (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>). For many patients, however, compliance remains inadequate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the immunogenicity of wheat flour that was pre\u2010treated with selected lactobacilli and fungal proteases (hydrolysed wheat gluten) in coeliac patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The immunogenicity of hydrolysed wheat gluten was evaluated both in vitro in intestinal T cell lines (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TCL<\/jats:styled-content>s) and in vivo in treated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> patients after a short\u2010term gluten challenge. Twenty treated <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content> patients were enrolled and equally randomised into two groups. The patients ate bread that was prepared with hydrolysed wheat flour or natural wheat flour (10 g of gluten\/d for 3 days). The interferon (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INF<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010\u03b3 responses to natural gliadin and a 33\u2010mer peptide were assessed by the enzyme\u2010linked immunospot (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISPOT<\/jats:styled-content>) assay on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PBMC<\/jats:styled-content>s) both before and 6 days after the start of the challenge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hydrolysed wheat was not able to activate the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TCL<\/jats:styled-content>s from the coeliac intestinal mucosa. Consistent with the in vitro results, no significant increase in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 secretion was observed in patients who consumed hydrolysed wheat flour. Conversely, the consumption of natural wheat gluten mobilised <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">INF<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010\u03b3 secreting cells in the blood (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We confirm that fermentation of wheat flour with sourdough lactobacilli and fungal proteases is capable of abolishing the T cell immunogenicity of gluten in coeliac patients. Our data also validate the short\u2010term oral challenge as a useful tool for testing the efficacy of novel therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14175","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,19]],"date-time":"2017-06-19T07:58:54Z","timestamp":1497859134000},"page":"440-446","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Lack of immunogenicity of hydrolysed wheat flour in patients with coeliac disease after a short\u2010term oral challenge"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Mandile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Translational Sciences Section of Pediatrics University of Naples Federico II Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1080-9391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Picascia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Protein Biochemistry, CNR Naples 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