{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T06:32:13Z","timestamp":1790836333794,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]],"date-time":"2017-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mortality from chronic liver disease is rising exponentially. The liver is intimately linked to the gut via the portal vein, and exposure to gut microbiota and their metabolites translocating across the gut lumen may impact upon both the healthy and diseased liver. Modulation of gut microbiota could prove to be a potential therapeutic target.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To characterise the changes in the gut microbiome that occur in chronic liver disease and to assess the impact of manipulation of the microbiome on the liver.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a PubMed search using search terms including \u2018microbiome\u2019, \u2018liver\u2019 and \u2018cirrhosis\u2019 as well as \u2018non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease\u2019, \u2018steatohepatitis\u2019, \u2018alcohol\u2019 and \u2018primary sclerosing cholangitis\u2019. Relevant articles were also selected from references of articles and review of the ClinicalTrials.gov website.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Reduced bacterial diversity, alcohol sensitivity and the development of gut dysbiosis are seen in several chronic liver diseases, including non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease, alcohol\u2010related liver disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Perturbations in gut commensals could lead to deficient priming of the immune system predisposing the development of immune\u2010mediated diseases. Furthermore, transfer of stool from an animal with the metabolic syndrome may induce steatosis in a healthy counterpart. Patients with cirrhosis develop dysbiosis, small bowel bacterial overgrowth and increased gut wall permeability, allowing bacterial translocation and uptake of endotoxin inducing hepatic and systemic inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Manipulation of the gut microbiota with diet, probiotics or faecal microbiota transplantation to promote the growth of \u201chealthy\u201d bacteria may ameliorate the dysbiosis and alter prognosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14397","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,30]],"date-time":"2017-10-30T05:26:35Z","timestamp":1509341195000},"page":"192-202","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":193,"title":["Review article: the gut microbiome as a therapeutic target in the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic liver disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"C. 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