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Yet risks of renal failure and renal replacement therapy were similar in patients treated with nucleoside analogues versus nucleotide analogues in real\u2010life setting. Bone toxicity is closely related to nucleoside analogue effect on renal proximal tubular and phosphaturia. Real\u2010life data demonstrated increased risk of hip fracture in patients receiving adefovir but not <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TDF<\/jats:styled-content>. The newly approved tenofovir alafenamide (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TAF<\/jats:styled-content>) has improved renal and bone safety profiles compared to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TDF<\/jats:styled-content>. Long\u2010term use of nucleoside analogues eg entecavir does not increase the risk of other cancers. Muscular toxicity may be seen in telbivudine\u2010treated patients so regular monitoring is advised. Peripheral neuropathy and lactic acidosis are rare adverse events. Latest international guidelines support the use of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TDF<\/jats:styled-content>, telbivudine and lamivudine during pregnancy; breastfeeding is not contraindicated during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TDF<\/jats:styled-content> therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Long\u2010term safety profile of nucleoside analogues is now better defined with more data from large real\u2010life cohorts and clinical trials with long\u2010term follow\u2010up. 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