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Several viral, host and external risk factors for the development of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010related\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      have been documented.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To summarise and discuss the risk stratification and the preventive strategies of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010related\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Recent published studies identified from PubMed were comprehensively reviewed. The key words included chronic hepatitis B,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , hepatocellular carcinoma, prevention and antiviral therapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The incidence of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      is extremely high in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      hyperendemic areas. For\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      patients left untreated, significant risk factors for\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      include male gender, aging, advanced hepatic fibrosis, persistent serum transaminase elevation, specific\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      entry receptor (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NTCP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) genotype,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PM<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      2.5 exposure,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      eAg positivity,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      genotype C\/D\/F, high proportion of core promoter mutation, pre\u2010S deletion, high serum levels of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV DNA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HB<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      sAg as well as co\u2010infection with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HDV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HIV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . Primary prevention of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010related\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      can be achieved through universal\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      vaccination and anti\u2010viral prophylaxis for high viraemic mothers. The goal of secondary prevention has been reached by effective anti\u2010viral therapy to reduce the risk of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      development in chronic hepatitis B patients. However, whether\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      is prevented or delayed deserves further examination. Finally, several studies confirmed the tertiary preventive effect of anti\u2010viral therapy in reducing risk of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      recurrence after curative therapies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Through the strategies of three\u2010level prevention, the global burden of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010related\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HCC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      should decline over time and even be eliminated in conjunction with\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HBV<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      cure.\n                    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