{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:51:35Z","timestamp":1790794295940,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11-12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1571875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Emerging data suggest that alterations in gut fungi may be associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In healthy individuals, gut commensal fungi act synergistically with other members of the microbiota to maintain homeostasis but their role in IBD is less clear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review the role of gut fungi and their trans\u2010kingdom interactions with bacteria in IBD<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A literature search was conducted on Ovid and Pubmed to select relevant animal and human studies that have reported fungi and IBD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There is an increased total fungal load particularly of\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Malassezia<\/jats:italic>\n                      species in the faeces and mucosa of Crohn's disease patients, and a lower fungal diversity in the faeces of ulcerative colitis patients. Caspase recruitment domain\u2010containing protein (CARD)\u20109 polymorphism in Crohn's disease patients favours\n                      <jats:italic>Malassezia<\/jats:italic>\n                      colonisation that worsens gut inflammation. Diet high in carbohydrates increased the total abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      species, whereas protein\u2010rich diet had the opposite effect. Anti\u2010fungal therapies are mostly used to treat\n                      <jats:italic>Candida albicans or Histoplasma capsulatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections in IBD, whereas pilot studies of supplementing fungal probiotics\n                      <jats:italic>Saccharomycopsis fibuligera<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Saccharomyces boulardii<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I\u20103856<\/jats:italic>\n                      strain showed therapeutic effects in IBD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gut fungi are altered in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Modulation of the fungal microbiota can be considered as a therapeutic approach for IBD. Future research should focus on understanding how the fungal microbiota interacts with other components of the gut microbiota in association with the pathogenesis and development of IBD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,24]],"date-time":"2019-10-24T13:59:34Z","timestamp":1571925574000},"page":"1159-1171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Review article: fungal alterations in inflammatory bowel diseases"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6519-7682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siu","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gut Microbiota Research Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics Institute of Digestive Disease LKS Institute of Health Science The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8450-5281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gut Microbiota Research Faculty of Medicine The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics Institute of Digestive Disease LKS Institute of Health Science The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7388-2436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francis K. 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