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Its composition and function are shaped by host\u2010microbiota and intra\u2010microbiota interactions. Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that target bacteria and have the potential to modulate bacterial communities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To summarise phage biology and the clinical applications of phages in gastroenterology<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed was searched to identify relevant studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Phages induce bacterial cell lysis, integration of viral DNA into the bacteria and\/or coexistence in a stable equilibrium. Bacteria and phages have co\u2010evolved and their dynamic interactions are yet to be fully understood. The increasing need to modulate microbial communities (\n                      <jats:italic>e.g.<\/jats:italic>\n                      , gut microbiota, multidrug\u2010resistant bacteria) has been a strong stimulus for research in phages as an antibacterial therapy. In gastroenterology, phage therapy has been mainly studied in infectious diseases such as cholera. However, it is currently being explored in several other circumstances such as treating\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                      colitis, targeting adherent\u2010invasive\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      in Crohn's disease or eradicating\n                      <jats:italic>Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n                      in colorectal cancer. Overall, phage therapy has a favourable and acceptable safety profile. Presently, trials with phage therapy are ongoing in Crohn's disease.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Phage therapy is a promising therapeutic tool against pathogenic bacteria in the fields of infectious diseases and gastroenterology. Randomised, placebo\u2010controlled trials with phage therapy for gastroenterological diseases are ongoing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T07:57:53Z","timestamp":1573113473000},"page":"53-63","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Review article: bacteriophages in gastroenterology\u2014from biology to clinical applications"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8892-7075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Sabino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Dr. Henry D. 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