{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:49:19Z","timestamp":1790624959375,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]],"date-time":"2020-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Clinical Research Unit 306 \u201cPrimary sclerosing c"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Clinical Research Unit 306 \u201cPrimary sclerosing c"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is poorly understood and little is known about enteric microbiota in AIH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate disease\u2010specific microbiome alterations in AIH.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The V1\u2010V2 variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene were sequenced in faecal samples from 347 patients with AIH and controls (AIH n\u00a0=\u00a072, healthy controls (HC) n\u00a0=\u00a095, primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) n\u00a0=\u00a099 and ulcerative colitis (UC) n\u00a0=\u00a081).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Biodiversity (Shannon entropy) was decreased in AIH patients compared to HC (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.016), which was partially reversed by azathioprine (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.011). Regarding between\u2010sample diversity, AIH patients separated from HC, PBC and UC individuals (all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.001). Compared to HC, decreased relative abundance of anaerobic genera such as <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic> and an increase of <jats:italic>Veillonella<\/jats:italic> and the facultative anaerobic genera <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> were detected. Importantly, a disease\u2010specific decline of relative abundance of <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic> was observed in AIH patients. Lack of <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic> was associated with failure to achieve remission of AIH (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Of potential therapeutic implication, <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic> abundance correlated with average protein intake (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Random forests classification between AIH and PBC on the microbiome signature yielded an area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.787 in the training cohort, and an AUC of 0.849 in an external validation cohort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Disease\u2010specific faecal microbial alterations were identified in patients with AIH. Intestinal dysbiosis in AIH was characterised by a decline of <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>, which was associated with increased disease activity. These results point to the contribution of intestinal microbiota to AIH pathogenesis and to novel therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15754","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,8]],"date-time":"2020-05-08T04:24:42Z","timestamp":1588911882000},"page":"1417-1428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["A disease\u2010specific decline of the relative abundance of <i>Bifidobacterium<\/i> in patients with autoimmune hepatitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1041-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timur","family":"Liwinski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network for Hepatological Diseases (ERN\u2010RARE\u2010LIVER) Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Casar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network for Hepatological Diseases (ERN\u2010RARE\u2010LIVER) Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malte C.","family":"Ruehlemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology Christian\u2010Albrechts\u2010University of Kiel Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinna","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology Christian\u2010Albrechts\u2010University of Kiel Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5163-6979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcial","family":"Sebode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network for Hepatological Diseases (ERN\u2010RARE\u2010LIVER) Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Hohenester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine II Liver Center Munich LMU Munich University Hospital Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Denk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine II Liver Center Munich LMU Munich University Hospital Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Lieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Epidemiology Christian\u2010Albrechts\u2010University of Kiel University Hospital Schleswig\u2010Holstein Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ansgar W.","family":"Lohse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network for Hepatological Diseases (ERN\u2010RARE\u2010LIVER) Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andre","family":"Franke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology Christian\u2010Albrechts\u2010University of Kiel Kiel Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Schramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Medicine University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"European Reference Network for Hepatological Diseases (ERN\u2010RARE\u2010LIVER) Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Martin Zeitz Center for Rare Diseases University Medical Center Hamburg\u2010Eppendorf Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.06.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309990"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317836"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313332"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjx008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.12.2781"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007534427681"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3695"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","unstructured":"OksanenJBG FriendlyM KindtR LegendreP McGlinnD. et al. vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version 2.5\u20102. 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4600"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129606"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1256\/003590002320603584"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2003)001[0488:RDECAR]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00185"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.176"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan4526"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar7201"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310500"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15375"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-018-2586-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.BAD-0010-2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.111237"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4176"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09395-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25775-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9454-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310874"}],"container-title":["Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fapt.15754","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/apt.15754","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T09:43:37Z","timestamp":1695203017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/apt.15754"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/apt.15754"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.15754","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-2813","1365-2036"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0269-2813","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2036","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-01-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-06","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}