{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:18:47Z","timestamp":1790252327694,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) of the stomach and duodenum are rare, but are increasing in incidence. Optimal management of localised, low\u2010grade gastric and duodenal NETs remains controversial.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To systematically review recent literature that has evaluated the management of localised low\u2010grade gastric and duodenal NETs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic literature search was conducted. Articles were screened and eligible articles fully assessed. Additional articles were identified through the included articles\u2019 reference lists.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Several relevant retrospective case series were identified, but there was considerable heterogeneity between studies and they reported a variety of parameters. Type I gastric NETs had an excellent prognosis and conservative management approaches such as endoscopic surveillance\/resection were appropriate in most cases. Many type III gastric NETs were low grade and appeared to have a better prognosis than has previously been appreciated. Endoscopic rather than surgical resection was therefore effective in some patients who had small, low\u2010grade tumours. Duodenal NETs were more heterogenous. Endoscopic resection was generally safe and effective in patients who had small, low\u2010grade, nonfunctional, non\u2010ampullary tumours. However, some patients, especially those with larger or ampullary duodenal NETs, required surgical resection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Most type I gastric NETs behave indolently and surgical resection is only rarely indicated. Some type III gastric and duodenal NETs have a worse prognosis, but selected patients who have small, localised, nonfunctional, low\u2010grade tumours are adequately and safely treated by endoscopic resection. Due to the complexity of this area, a multidisciplinary approach to management is strongly recommended.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T07:31:07Z","timestamp":1589182267000},"page":"1247-1267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Systematic review: management of localised low\u2010grade upper gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Klaire","family":"Exarchou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology Institute of Translational Medicine University of Liverpool Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Howes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liverpool 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