{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T22:10:20Z","timestamp":1761948620502,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]],"date-time":"2020-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current COVID\u201019 pandemic, caused by SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, has emerged as a public health emergency. All nations are seriously challenged as the virus spreads rapidly across the globe with no regard for borders. The primary management of IBD involves treating uncontrolled inflammation with most patients requiring immune\u2010based therapies. However, these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID\u201019.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To summarise the scale of the COVID\u201019 pandemic, review unique concerns regarding IBD management and infection risk during the pandemic and assess COVID\u201019 management options and drug interactions in the IBD population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A literature review on IBD, SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and COVID\u201019 was undertaken and relevant literature was summarised and critically examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>IBD patients do not appear to be more susceptible to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection and there is no evidence of an association between IBD therapies and increased risk of COVID\u201019. IBD medication adherence should be encouraged to prevent disease flare but where possible high\u2010dose systemic corticosteroids should be avoided. Patients should exercise social distancing, optimise co\u2010morbidities and be up to date with influenza and pneumococcal vaccines. If a patient develops COVID\u201019, immune suppressing medications should be withheld until infection resolution and if trial medications for COVID\u201019 are being considered, potential drug interactions should be checked.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>IBD patient management presents a challenge in the current COVID\u201019 pandemic. The primary focus should remain on keeping bowel inflammation controlled and encouraging medication adherence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T19:06:55Z","timestamp":1588187215000},"page":"54-72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Review article: prevention, diagnosis and management of COVID\u201019 in the IBD patient"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Aysha H.","family":"Al\u2010Ani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology The Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralley E.","family":"Prentice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology The Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clarissa A.","family":"Rentsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology The Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doug","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Unit The Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6952-0985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zaid","family":"Ardalan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology The Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0579-2062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neel","family":"Heerasing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology The Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9149-3589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mayur","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology The Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sian","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Unit The Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Sasadeusz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Victorian Infectious Diseases Unit The Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Finlay A.","family":"Macrae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology The Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6850-4454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siew C.","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics Institute of Digestive Disease State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Special Administrative Region China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5647-1723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David T.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center University of Chicago Medicine Chicago IL USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8746-4275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Britt","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology The Royal Melbourne Hospital Melbourne Vic. Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation.WHO Director\u2010General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID\u201019\u201411 March 2020. March 16 2020.https:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/detail\/who\u2010director\u2010general\u2010s\u2010opening\u2010remarks\u2010at\u2010the\u2010media\u2010briefing\u2010on\u2010covid\u201019\u2013\u201011\u2010march\u20102020."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2013.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2014-100514"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2013.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.69.4.635-664.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)60286-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","first-page":"234","article-title":"Medical reviews. Coronaviruses","volume":"47","author":"Monto AS","year":"1974","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"Centres for Disease Control and Prevention.Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). 2016 Updated August 2 2019.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/sars\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"Centres for Disease Control and Prevention.Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/sars\/index.html. Accessed 15 March 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25678"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1719902"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.03.063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation.Report of the WHO\u2010China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID\u201019). March 16 2020.https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default\u2010source\/coronaviruse\/who\u2010china\u2010joint\u2010mission\u2010on\u2010covid\u201019\u2010final\u2010report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15731"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ZhangHKZ GongH XuD WangJ LiZ CuiX XiaoJ MengT ZhouW LiuJ XuH.The digestive system is a potential route of 2019\u2010nCov infection: a bioinformatics analysis based on single\u2010cell transcriptomes.https:\/\/www.biorxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2020.01.30.927806v1. March 16 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.01.30.927806"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","article-title":"Imbalance of the renin\u2010angiotensin system may contribute to inflammation and fibrosis in IBD: a novel therapeutic target?","author":"Garg M","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-018-0386-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2196-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2001468"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.02.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000620"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000667"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","article-title":"Aerosol and surface stability of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 as compared with SARS\u2010CoV\u20101","author":"Doremalen N","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","first-page":"922","article-title":"COVID\u201019: protecting health\u2010care workers","volume":"395","author":"The Lancet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0504"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001316"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030841"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0702"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2015.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-019-03501-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000160742.91602.b7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","first-page":"205064061988976","article-title":"Increased incidence of systemic serious viral infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease associates with active disease and use of thiopurines","author":"Wisniewski A","year":"2019","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterology Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040988"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15752"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15764"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3950628"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","article-title":"Protection of 318 inflammatory bowel disease patients from the outbreak and rapid spread of COVID\u201019 infection in Wuhan, China","author":"An P","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","unstructured":"BrennerEJ UngaroR ColombelJF KappelmanMD.Secure\u2010IBD Database Public Data Update 2020.https:\/\/covidibd.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","unstructured":"HanC DuanC ZhangS et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID\u201019 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei China. Am J Gastroenterol.2020; EPub Ahead of Print."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Testing for COVID\u201019.https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019\u2010ncov\/hcp\/clinical\u2010criteria.html?CDC_AA_refVal=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcoronavirus%2F2019\u2010ncov%2Fclinical\u2010criteria.html. Accessed March 18 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.4.536"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030343"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201706-1172OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2395-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/424016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2004.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","first-page":"179","article-title":"Glucocorticoid\u2010induced diabetes in severe acute respiratory syndrome: the impact of high dosage and duration of methylprednisolone therapy","volume":"43","author":"Xiao JZ","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3736\/jcim20040305"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy243"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.406"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2040622313485275"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa053"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","first-page":"CD007698","article-title":"Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis","volume":"10","author":"Sherlock ME","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","first-page":"CD002913","article-title":"Steinhart AH. Budesonide for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease","volume":"1","author":"Benchimol EI","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166455"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.114"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13456"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.03973.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8010015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h1269"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2012.218"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000001049"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.02.044"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12382"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00023-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1602773"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.0718"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.14075"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharep.2016.07.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1785"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-311079"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02671.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2011-300755"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy131"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-1866-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1606910"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key287"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-019-05492-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30132-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control.Technical Report: Guidance for discharge and ending isolation in the context of widespread community transmission of COVID\u201019 \u2013 first update.https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/covid\u201019\u2010guidance\u2010discharge\u2010and\u2010ending\u2010isolation\u2010first%20update.pdf. Accessed April 11 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2012.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2605.190995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5446-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2003539"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3283081afe"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","unstructured":"World Health Organisation.A multi\u2010centre adaptive randomized double\u2010blind placebocontrolled clinical trial of the safety and efficacy of investigational therapeutics for the treatment of COVID\u201019 in hospitalized patients.2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00221-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01020"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.012658"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv392"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105923"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-020-00016-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_114_1","article-title":"Faviiravir versus arbidol for COVID\u2010 19: a randomized clinical trial","author":"Chang C","year":"2020","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_115_1","unstructured":"Chinese Clinical Trials Registry 2020.http:\/\/www.chictr.org.cn\/searchprojen.aspx?title=COVID\u201019&officialname=&subjectid=&secondaryid=&applier=&studyleader=&ethicalcommitteesanction=&sponsor=&studyailment=&studyailmentcode=&studytype=0&studystage=0&studydesign=0&minstudyexecutetime=&maxstudyexecutetime=&recruitmentstatus=0&gender=0&agreetosign=&secsponsor=&regno=&regstatus=0&country=&province=&city=&institution=&institutionlevel=&measure=&intercode=&sourceofspends=&createyear=0&isuploadrf=&whetherpublic=&btngo=btn&verifycode=&page=1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SchwartzJ KingC\u2010C YenM\u2010Y.Protecting healthcare workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201019) outbreak: lessons from Taiwan\u2019s severe acute respiratory syndrome response.Clin Infect Dis.2020.","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa255"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz558"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jcag\/gwy018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2002.01298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_122_1","unstructured":"Tofacitinib [Internet].Truven Health Analytics.2020[cited 14 March 2020].www.micromedexsolutions.com. Subscription required to view."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_123_1","unstructured":"Tofacitinib [Internet].Truven Health Analytics.2020[cited 14 March 2020].www.micromedexsolutions.com. Subscription required to view."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210457"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-018-0639-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03732.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy122"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0296-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200746080-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0b013e318180e300"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_132_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-017-0627-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_133_1","first-page":"168","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms of action of methotrexate: implications for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"65","author":"Tian H","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_134_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e318232b057"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-015-1862-7"}],"container-title":["Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Fapt.15779","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/apt.15779","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T13:49:16Z","timestamp":1693921756000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/apt.15779"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/apt.15779"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.15779","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0269-2813","1365-2036"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0269-2813"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1365-2036"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-26","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}