{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T22:51:21Z","timestamp":1784242281224,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,7]],"date-time":"2020-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000323","name":"Pain Relief Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["607652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["607652"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The vagus nerve exerts an anti\u2010nociceptive effect on the viscera.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate whether transcutaneous vagal nerve stimulation (t\u2010VNS) prevents the development of and\/or reverses established visceral hypersensitivity in a validated model of acid\u2010induced oesophageal pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Before and after a 30\u2010minute infusion of 0.15M hydrochloric acid into the distal oesophagus, pain thresholds to electrical stimulation were determined in the proximal non\u2010acid exposed oesophagus. Validated sympathetic (cardiac sympathetic index) and parasympathetic (cardiac vagal tone [CVT]) nervous system measures were recorded. In study 1, 15 healthy participants were randomised in a blinded crossover design to receive either t\u2010VNS or sham for 30\u00a0minutes during acid infusion. In study 2, 18 different healthy participants were randomised in a blinded crossover design to receive either t\u2010VNS or sham, for 30\u00a0minutes after acid infusion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Study 1: t\u2010VNS increased CVT (31.6% \u00b1 58.7 vs \u22129.6\u00a0\u00b1\u00a020.6, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.02) in comparison to sham with no effect on cardiac sympathetic index. The development of acid\u2010induced oesophageal hypersensitivity was prevented with t\u2010VNS in comparison to sham (15.5\u00a0mA per unit time (95% CI 4.9 \u2010 26.2), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.004). Study 2: t\u2010VNS increased CVT (26.3% \u00b1 32.7 vs 3\u00a0\u00b1\u00a027.1, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.03) in comparison to sham with no effect on cardiac sympathetic index. t\u2010VNS reversed established acid\u2010induced oesophageal hypersensitivity in comparison to sham (17.3mA\/unit time (95% CI 9.8\u201024.7), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.0001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>t\u2010VNS prevents the development of, and reverses established, acid\u2010induced oesophageal hypersensitivity. These results have therapeutic implications for the management of visceral pain hypersensitivity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,8]],"date-time":"2020-08-08T01:55:42Z","timestamp":1596851742000},"page":"988-996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation prevents the development of, and reverses, established oesophageal pain hypersensitivity"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"52","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1902-2640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam D.","family":"Farmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Surgery and Trauma Blizard Institute Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology Barts and the London School of Medicine &amp; Dentistry Mary University of London London UK"},{"name":"Mech\u2010Sense Department of Gastroenterology Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark"},{"name":"Institute of Applied Clinical Sciences University of Keele Keele UK"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology University Hospitals of North Midlands NHS Trust Stoke on Trent UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9733-4776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Albusoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Surgery and Trauma Blizard Institute Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology Barts and the London School of Medicine &amp; Dentistry Mary University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gehanjali","family":"Amarasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Surgery and Trauma Blizard Institute Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology Barts and the London School of Medicine &amp; Dentistry Mary University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James K.","family":"Ruffle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Surgery and Trauma Blizard Institute Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology Barts and the London School of Medicine &amp; Dentistry Mary University of London London UK"},{"name":"Department of Radiology University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4713-9985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather E.","family":"Fitzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Surgery and Trauma Blizard Institute Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology Barts and the London School of Medicine &amp; Dentistry Mary University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruqaya","family":"Idrees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Surgery and Trauma Blizard Institute Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology Barts and the London School of Medicine &amp; Dentistry Mary University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Fried","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Surgery and Trauma Blizard Institute Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology Barts and the London School of Medicine &amp; Dentistry Mary University of London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3381-1884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Brock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mech\u2010Sense Department of Gastroenterology Aalborg University Hospital Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2718-2065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qasim","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Neuroscience Surgery and Trauma Blizard Institute Wingate Institute of Neurogastroenterology Barts and the London School of Medicine &amp; 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