{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T12:17:59Z","timestamp":1779365879975,"version":"3.53.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631404800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 DK034987"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK034987"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 DK105114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK105114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Microscopic colitis is an increasingly common cause of watery diarrhoea. Several classes of medications have been associated with microscopic colitis in prior studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the association between the use of previously implicated medications and microscopic colitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This was a case\u2010control study of patients referred for elective, outpatient colonoscopy for diarrhoea. Patients were excluded for inflammatory bowel disease, <jats:italic>C difficile<\/jats:italic>, or other infectious diarrhoea. Colon biopsies were reviewed by the study pathologist and patients were classified as microscopic colitis cases or non\u2010microscopic colitis controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study population included 110 microscopic colitis cases and 252 controls. The cases were older, better educated and more likely to be female. Cases reported a greater number of loose, watery, or liquid stools, nocturnal stools, more urgency and weight loss compared to controls. There was no association with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), adjusted OR (aOR) 0.66, 95% CI 0.38\u20101.13 or nonsteroidal anti\u2010inflammatory drugs, aOR 0.68, 95% CI 0.40\u20101.17. Cholecystectomy was less common in cases, aOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.17\u20100.64, but microscopic colitis cases had more frequent bowel movements following cholecystectomy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared to similar patients with diarrhoea, cases with microscopic colitis were not more likely to have taken previously implicated medications. They had more diarrhoea following cholecystectomy, suggesting that bile may play a role in symptoms or aetiology. We conclude that the appropriate choice of controls is crucial to understanding risk factors for microscopic colitis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]],"date-time":"2021-09-12T17:31:20Z","timestamp":1631467880000},"page":"1193-1201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Medication use and microscopic colitis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1323-6245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert S.","family":"Sandler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4019-3903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Temitope O.","family":"Keku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John T.","family":"Woosley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Galanko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2005-0780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne F.","family":"Peery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2013.09.066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000124027.92823.b5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05166.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15246"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-016-4306-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"30","article-title":"Incidence of microscopic colitis in the Netherlands. 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