{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:31:46Z","timestamp":1790767906160,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>How contraceptive formulation, dose, duration of therapy and mode of delivery affects the risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is poorly described.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine associations between types of hormonal contraception and development of IBD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a nested case\u2013control study using IQVIA Medical Research Data. Women aged 15\u201049\u00a0years with a new diagnosis of IBD were matched with up to six controls by age, practice and year. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for incident IBD and use of contraception were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>4932 incident cases of IBD were matched to 29\u00a0340 controls. Use of combined oral contraceptive pills (COCPs) was associated with the development of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (OR 1.60 [1.41\u20101.82] and 1.30 [1.15\u20101.45], respectively). Each additional month of COCP exposure per year of follow\u2010up increased risk of Crohn's disease by 6.4% (5.1%\u20107.7%) and ulcerative colitis by 3.3% (2.1%\u20104.4%). Progestogen\u2010only pills had no effect on Crohn's disease risk (OR 1.09 [0.84\u20101.40]) but there was a modest association with ulcerative colitis (OR 1.35 [1.12\u20101.64]). Parenteral contraception was not associated with the development of Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis (OR 1.15 [0.99\u20101.47] and 1.17 [0.98\u20101.39], respectively).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed an increase in the risk of IBD with increasing duration of exposure to COCPs. Progestogen\u2010only pills were not associated with Crohn's disease but there was a modest association with ulcerative colitis. There was no association between parenteral progestogen\u2010only contraception and IBD. These findings are broadly consistent with a hypothesis that the oestrogen component of contraception may drive IBD pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,21]],"date-time":"2021-10-21T04:34:00Z","timestamp":1634790840000},"page":"318-326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Use of contraceptives and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a nested case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8334-9931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Joshua","family":"Pasvol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health University College London  London 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