{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:25:56Z","timestamp":1787840756731,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background\/Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>With polarizing income disparities, this study investigated the prevalence and trends of liver disease in a U.S. population\u2010based sample based on income\u2010to\u2010poverty ratio (IPR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study analysed survey data from the 1999\u20132018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with highest (HIG), middle\u2010income (MIG), and lowest income (LIG) groups defined as IPR\u2009\u2264\u20091, 1\u2009&lt;\u2009IPR\u2009&lt;5, and IPR\u2009\u2265\u20095, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed 59,204 adult participants with 48.2% male, 39.7% aged 18\u201339, 36.2% 40\u201359, and 24.1% \u226560\u2009years. The weighted prevalence of hepatitis C (HCV), B (HBV) infection, non\u2010alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol\u2010associated liver disease (ALD), and advanced fibrosis in LIG were 3.9% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009276), 7.4% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009527), 33.2% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009714), 5.2% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009401), and 9.0% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009694), respectively, compared to lower rates for HIG: 1.0% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200982), 3.2% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009263), 29.6% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009798), 3.9% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009354), and 5.0% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009638). After adjusting for age, sex, race and ethnicity, education, and birthplace, HIG had the lowest odds of having any liver disease [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.67, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001], with similar findings for specific conditions including HCV, HBV, and advanced fibrosis (aOR 0.24, 0.52, and 0.64, all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001, respectively). While viraemic HCV prevalence decreased over time for HIG, there were no changes for MIG nor LIG. Similarly, NAFLD prevalence was stable for HIG but increased for MIG and LIG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>LIG and MIG in the United States have higher liver disease burdens than HIG, with increasing NAFLD prevalence and lack of decline in current HCV infection prevalence over time as opposed to declining or stable trend in HIG.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.18242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,6]],"date-time":"2024-09-06T06:30:00Z","timestamp":1725604200000},"page":"1374-1387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Trends of chronic liver diseases by income level and socioeconomic factors in the United States: A population\u2010based study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Eunice Yewon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Stanford University Medical Center  Palo Alto California USA"},{"name":"Duke University  Durham North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vy H.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Stanford University Medical Center  Palo Alto California USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramsey","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Stanford University Medical Center  Palo Alto California USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Palo Alto California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6275-4989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mindie H.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology Stanford University Medical Center  Palo Alto California USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Population Health Stanford University School of Medicine  Palo Alto California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.07.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.3055"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Income and poverty in the United States: 2020","author":"Shrider E","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"6 facts about economic inequality in the U.S","author":"Schaeffer K","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0887\u2010378x.2004.00302.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154535"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963\u2010021\u201000269\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.15187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","volume-title":"Income inequality down due to drops in real incomes at the middle and top but post\u2010tax income estimates tell a different story","author":"Kollar M","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201027474\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1160625"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.2276"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30831"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Overview. 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