{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T01:16:33Z","timestamp":1780708593380,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020660","name":"State Key Laboratory of Liver Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020660","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Optimal glycaemic control has well\u2010established health benefits in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). It is uncertain whether optimal glycaemic control can benefit liver\u2010related outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine the association of optimal glycaemic control with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver\u2010related mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a population\u2010based cohort, we identified patients with newly diagnosed DM between 2001 and 2016 in Hong Kong. Optimal glycaemic control was defined as mean haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) &lt;7% during the 3\u2010year lead\u2010in period after DM diagnosis. By applying propensity score matching to balance covariates, we analysed glycaemic control via competing risk models with outcomes of interest being HCC and liver\u2010related mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified 146,430 patients (52.2% males, mean age 61.4\u2009\u00b1\u200911.8\u2009years). During a median follow\u2010up duration of 7.0\u2009years, 1099 (0.8%) and 978 (0.7%) patients developed HCC and liver\u2010related deaths. Optimal glycaemic control, when compared to suboptimal glycaemic control, was associated with reduced risk of HCC (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] 0.70, 95% CI 0.61\u20130.79). The risk of HCC increased with incremental HbA1c increases beyond &gt;7% (SHR 1.29\u20131.71). Significant associations with HCC were also found irrespective of age (SHR 0.54\u20130.80), sex (SHR 0.68\u20130.69), BMI &lt;25 or \u226525\u2009kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> (SHR 0.63\u20130.75), smoking (SHR 0.61\u20130.72), hepatic steatosis (SHR 0.67\u20130.68) and aspirin\/statin\/metformin use (SHR 0.67\u20130.75). A lower risk of liver\u2010related mortality in relation to optimal glycaemic control was also observed (SHR 0.70, 95% CI 0.61\u20130.80).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Glycaemic control is an independent risk factor for HCC and liver\u2010related mortality, and should be incorporated into oncoprotective strategies in the general DM population.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.18254","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]],"date-time":"2024-09-10T11:03:29Z","timestamp":1725966209000},"page":"1398-1408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Glycaemic control is a modifiable risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma and liver\u2010related mortality in patients with diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Xianhua","family":"Mao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine School of Clinical Medicine, the University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Medicine The University of Hong Kong\u2010Shenzhen Hospital  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4838-378X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ka\u2010Shing","family":"Cheung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine School of Clinical Medicine, the University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Medicine The University of Hong Kong\u2010Shenzhen Hospital  Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing\u2010Tong","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine School of Clinical Medicine, the University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lung\u2010Yi","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine School of Clinical Medicine, the University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Liver Research The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7569-409X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi\u2010Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine School of Clinical Medicine, the University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi\u2010Leung","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Oncology The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ho\u2010Ming","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine School of Clinical Medicine, the University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7447-7539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rex Wan\u2010Hin","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine School of Clinical Medicine, the University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai K.","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine School of Clinical Medicine, the University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man\u2010Fung","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine School of Clinical Medicine, the University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Liver Research The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9012-313X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wai\u2010Kay","family":"Seto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine School of Clinical Medicine, the University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"},{"name":"Department of Medicine The University of Hong Kong\u2010Shenzhen Hospital  Shenzhen China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Liver Research The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32439"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"S83","article-title":"6. 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