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Prospectively collected questionnaires identified infection frequency (any, gastrointestinal and respiratory) and antibiotics (any, penicillin and non\u2010penicillin) until age 3. IBD diagnosis required \u2265\u20092 records in national health registries. Cohort\u2010specific hazard ratios (aHR), adjusted for parental education, smoking and IBD were estimated and pooled using a random\u2010effects model. Antibiotic analyses were adjusted for infection frequency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There were 103,046 children (11,872 ABIS and 91,174 MoBa), contributing to 1,663,898 person\u2010years of follow\u2010up, during which 395 were diagnosed with IBD. The frequency of any infection at 0 to &lt;\u20091 and 1 to &lt;\u20093\u2009years showed a pooled aHR of 1.01 (95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20090.96\u20131.07) and 1.00 (95% CI\u2009=\u20090.99\u20131.01) per additional infection for IBD. Adjusting for infections, any versus no antibiotics in the first year was associated with IBD (pooled aHR\u2009=\u20091.33 [95% CI\u2009=\u20091.01\u20131.76]). The aHR for additional antibiotic course was 1.17 (95% CI\u2009=\u20090.96\u20131.44), driven by penicillin (per additional course, aHR\u2009=\u20091.28 [95% CI\u2009=\u20091.02\u20131.60]). Although antibiotics at 1 to &lt;\u20093\u2009years did not show an association with IBD or Crohn's disease, non\u2010penicillin antibiotics were associated with ulcerative colitis (per additional course, aHR\u2009=\u20091.95 [95% CI\u2009=\u20091.38\u20132.75]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early\u2010life antibiotic use was, a significant risk factor for childhood and early adult\u2010onset IBD, independent of infection frequency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.18358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T08:00:16Z","timestamp":1729843216000},"page":"323-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Early\u2010Life Infections, Antibiotics and Later Risk of Childhood and Early Adult\u2010Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pooled Analysis of Two Scandinavian Birth Cohorts"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"61","author":[{"given":"Karl","family":"M\u00e5rild","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital Sahlgrenska University Hospital  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tereza","family":"Lerchova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malin","family":"\u00d6stensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics and Data Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Imberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistiska Konsultgruppen Sweden  Gothenburg Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg  Gothenburg Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketil","family":"St\u00f8rdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Research, Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo  Oslo Norway"},{"name":"Children's Center Oslo University Hospital  Oslo Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnny","family":"Ludvigsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Crown Princess Victoria Children's Hospital  Link\u00f6ping Sweden"},{"name":"Division of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Link\u00f6ping University  Link\u00f6ping 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