{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T11:02:13Z","timestamp":1789556533081,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The intestinal barrier protects humans from potentially deleterious ingested material. It consists of several components: commensal organisms, mucus, and transepithelial pathways, and immune functions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To review, with major focus on human studies, the methods to measure intestinal barrier function in\u00a0vivo and the impaired intestinal barrier function in non\u2010inflammatory conditions, and the deleterious or beneficial effects of dietary components on the intestinal barrier.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>PUBMED literature search was intentionally focused, when possible, on human studies conducted in\u00a0vivo.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Although many gastrointestinal, rheumatological, and degenerative neurological diseases are attributed to impaired intestinal barrier function, often termed \u201cleaky gut,\u201d methods of accurate measurement of intestinal barrier function in\u00a0vivo in humans are still being developed. In\u00a0vivo measurements provide an overall assessment of barrier function at a whole organ level, whereas ex\u00a0vivo or in\u00a0vitro measurements using mucosal biopsies address mechanistic information at the cellular level. Several dietary components are detrimental to the barrier, including ethanol, fat, sugars, gliadin, food additives, emulsifiers, and microbial transglutaminase. Conversely, dietary components improving barrier function include fibre and metabolites such as short\u2010chain fatty acids, anthocyanins, polyphenols, vitamins (such as A and D), zinc, specific amino acids (such as glutamine) and probiotics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Currently, data are not exclusively from human studies, and research is needed to corroborate observations in animals or further validate in humans. 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