{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T20:13:51Z","timestamp":1790108031266,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19 AI082630"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI082630"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss, a functional cure in chronic hepatitis (CHB), is rare. Temporal changes in HBsAg loss rates were evaluated in relation to COVID\u201019 vaccination rollout in South Korea.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An interrupted time series (ITS) analysis was performed using electronic health records of 59,946 adults with CHB (2002\u20132025). Monthly HBsAg loss incidence rates were estimated using a competing risk framework. National COVID\u201019 vaccination coverage was used as a surrogate for population\u2010level exposure. A three\u2010phase segmental regression model assessed changes before vaccination, during a predefined vaccination effect period (18\u2009months following \u2265\u200980% of two\u2010dose coverage), and after this period. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence was analysed as a negative control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Over 382,509 person\u2010years, 2483 HBsAg loss events occurred. Pre\u2010vaccination rates were stable (0.11\u20130.80 per 100 person\u2010years). Following the COVID\u201019 vaccination rollout, the incidence increased to 0.96 in 2021, peaking at 1.27 in 2022, before declining to 0.93 in 2024. In the ITS model, no baseline trend was observed (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.606). At the intervention point (November 2021), HBsAg loss rates increased significantly (incidence rate ratio; 1.56; 95% CI 1.26\u20131.93;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). No significant slope change was observed during the vaccination period, while a negative slope change was observed post\u2010vaccination (coefficient \u22120.039 per month;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.003). Findings were consistent across sensitivity and subgroup analyses. HCC incidence showed no significant changes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID\u201019 vaccination was temporally associated with transiently higher HBsAg loss rates in CHB, followed by attenuation, suggesting a potential population\u2010level immunomodulatory effect on HBV dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.70733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T02:35:18Z","timestamp":1779417318000},"page":"517-526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Temporal Association Between\n                    <scp>COVID<\/scp>\n                    \u201019 Vaccination and HBsAg Loss in Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: An Interrupted Time Series Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Jonggi","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Liver Center, Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Liver Center, Gastroenterology Division Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allison","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vy H.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Michta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Center, Gastroenterology Division Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan Q.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine Newton\u2010Wellesley Hospital  Newton Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1544-577X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young\u2010Suk","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Liver Center, Asan Medical Center University of Ulsan College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond T.","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Center, Gastroenterology Division Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00197-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29323"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305517"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31610"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2017.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2022.2044799"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.0842-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2023.23.e39"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2023.100904"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-072314"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7392"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm0829"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1035441"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00152-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-39736-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","first-page":"348","article-title":"Interrupted Time Series Regression for the Evaluation of Public Health Interventions: A Tutorial","volume":"46","author":"Bernal J. 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