{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T15:01:53Z","timestamp":1790262113305,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chimeric antigen receptor T\u2010cell (CAR\u2010T) therapy has revolutionised the treatment of hematologic malignancies, and its use is expanding rapidly into numerous other disease states including autoimmune diseases. However, CAR\u2010T therapy is associated with a spectrum of immune\u2010related toxicities. In addition to the already well characterized cytokine release syndrome and immune effector cell\u2010associated neurotoxicity syndrome, it has become apparent that rarely, CAR\u2010T can cause gastrointestinal mucosal inflammation, termed immune effector cell\u2010mediated\u00a0enterocolitis (IEC\u2010EC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art review highlights the CAR\u2010T mechanism and details the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, endoscopic and histopathologic features, and management of IEC\u2010EC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review presents the current state of knowledge through a comperhensive and detailed synthesis of all case series reported in the literature to date.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Occurring in up to approximately 6% of patients typically following B cell maturation antigen\u2010targeted CAR\u2010T therapy, IEC\u2010EC presents with severe diarrhoea and malabsorption, responds poorly to treatment, and portends a dire prognosis. Multi\u2010disciplinary management should centre on early diagnosis, supportive cares, assessment and treatment of infections, and step\u2010up pharmacotherapy, often featuring biologics and small molecules drawn from the inflammatory bowel disease pharmacologic armamentarium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinicians should maintain a high degree of vigilance for IEC\u2010EC in patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms following CAR\u2010T treatment. Early recognition and multi\u2010disciplinary treatment may improve patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.70920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T03:46:41Z","timestamp":1786679201000},"page":"1046-1057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Review Article: Immune Effector Cell\u2010Mediated Enterocolitis Following\n                    <scp>CAR<\/scp>\n                    \u2010T Cell Therapy\u2014Clinical Features, Pathophysiology and Management"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2197-4977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John A.","family":"Damianos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Digestive Disease Institute Cleveland Clinic  Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1556-6416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Haematology, Department of Medicine Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongming Eric","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2664-116X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth J. 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