{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T13:03:07Z","timestamp":1790254987158,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aliment Pharmacol Ther"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Biologic drugs have substantially expanded treatment options for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but infection risk during exposure remains a concern.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the association between current use of tumour necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 inhibitors (TNFi), vedolizumab and ustekinumab and bloodstream infection (BSI) in individuals with IBD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nationwide, registry\u2010based case\u2010control study including all individuals with a first\u2010time microbiologically confirmed BSI from 2010 to 2024 and an IBD diagnosis (cases). Each case was matched with five controls with IBD using risk\u2010set sampling. Current biologic use was defined as recorded use of either TNFi, vedolizumab or ustekinumab within 180\u2009days before the index date. Adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included 4503 cases and 22,473 controls. TNFi use was associated with higher BSI rates compared with no current biologic use (aIRR 1.73, 95% CI 1.49\u20132.00), whereas vedolizumab (aIRR 0.85, 95% CI 0.61\u20131.20) and ustekinumab (aIRR 0.68, 95% CI 0.38\u20131.23) use was not. In pathogen\u2010specific analyses, TNFi use was associated with higher rates of BSI caused by\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , while vedolizumab use was associated with higher rates of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      BSI. Concomitant glucocorticoid use was associated with increased BSI rates among TNFi and vedolizumab users compared with monotherapy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>TNFi use was associated with increased BSI rates in patients with IBD, whereas vedolizumab and ustekinumab use was not. Overall, the findings suggest potential differences in infection risk across biologic therapies and in pathogen\u2010specific susceptibility.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.70999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:20:32Z","timestamp":1790252432000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pathogen\u2010Specific Bloodstream Infections Associated With Tumour Necrosis Factor\u2010\u03b1 Inhibitors, Vedolizumab and Ustekinumab in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Danish Nationwide Case\u2010Control Study 2010\u20132024"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4124-8608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e6cilie","family":"Leding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Amager and Hvidovre  Hvidovre 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University Hospital \u2010 Amager and Hvidovre  Hvidovre Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0698-9385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Benfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases Copenhagen University Hospital \u2010 Amager and Hvidovre  Hvidovre Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen  Copenhagen 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