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One\u2010day\u2010old\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    chickens (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a0105) were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups: control (Cont) group,\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010infected (Sal) group, and a\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010infected group treated with multi\u2010strain probiotics (ProSal group). All chickens except those in the Cont group were challenged orally with 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00a0cfu\/\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ml<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    4\u00a0days after hatching. Chickens in the Sal group exhibited more abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                    than those in the Cont and ProSal groups. At the genus level, chickens in ProSal group exhibited increased numbers of\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Oscillospira<\/jats:italic>\n                    compared with those in the other groups. Chickens in the ProSal group exhibited a significant increase of cecal\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCFA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s compared with chickens in the Sal group. Chickens in the ProSal group exhibited increased gene expression of anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines,\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u201010\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TGF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    \u03b2\n                    <jats:italic>4<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and decreased expression of the proinflammatory cytokine,\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IFN<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    \u03b3\n                    <jats:italic>,<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the cecal tonsil compared with those in the Sal group. The results of this study indicated that the administration of probiotics can modulate microbiota,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCFA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    s, and immunomodulatory activity in\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SPF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    chickens.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T00:49:26Z","timestamp":1555289366000},"page":"737-746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The effects of the supplementation of multi\u2010strain probiotics on intestinal microbiota, metabolites and inflammation of young\n                    <scp>SPF<\/scp>\n                    chickens challenged with\n                    <i>Salmonella enterica<\/i>\n                    subsp.\n                    <i>enterica<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1747-9161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi Huan","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science National Chung Hsing University Taichung City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po Yun","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science National Chung Hsing University Taichung City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tzu Tai","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science National Chung Hsing University Taichung City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9782-6308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bi","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science National Chung Hsing University Taichung City Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/sajas.v45i4.8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/18069061-2015-0052"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.6.3130-3142.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2005.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(02)00076-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12393"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00695-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02548"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.0170179"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew240"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02237"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.1.171"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000340"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2604"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey390"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00484"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.112730.110"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200526192"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","unstructured":"Hoffmann S. 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