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Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of genes expressed in the uterus revealed the presence of at least three different VEGF isoforms (hamster VEGF188, VEGF164, and VEGF120). They were highly homologous to the respective mouse and human isoforms. Furthermore, VEGF164 and VEGF120 were predominantly expressed in the hamster uterus during the estrous cycle. In situ hybridization revealed that VEGF is expressed only in the luminal and glandular epithelium of the endometrium but not in the stromal cells or myometrium. The positive reaction of luminal and glandular epithelial cells on day 4 of the estrous cycle (day 1\u2009=\u2009day of ovulation) was a little stronger than that of other days of the cycle. These findings suggest that VEGF molecules are secreted by endometrial epithelial cells and play an important role in the maintenance of blood vessels in the endometrial stroma. These results also suggest that uterine changes, such as edema, observed from day 4 to day 1 of the estrous cycle, are expected to occur primarily through the action of VEGF secreted by the uterine endometrial epithelium in preparation for subsequent embryo implantation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.13804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]],"date-time":"2023-01-09T00:15:55Z","timestamp":1673223355000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms are expressed in the uterus during estrous cycle of golden hamsters (<scp><i>Mesocricetus auratus<\/i><\/scp>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8465-8501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisashi","family":"Kishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine  Mibu Tochigi 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