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We previously developed carbonate apatite\u2010based oligonucleotide particles (ODNcaps) for oral delivery, which are efficiently taken up by macrophages in jejunal Peyer's patches. To enhance macrophage\u2010specific targeting, we introduced glycan modifications to ODNcaps, exploiting carbohydrate\u2010binding receptors on macrophages. In this study, glycosylated ODNcaps were synthesized through N\u2010acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) conjugation and evaluated for cellular uptake and immunostimulatory activity in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Uptake efficiency was quantified using fluorescently labeled CpG\u2010ODNs, and immune activation was assessed by IL\u20106 mRNA expression and IL\u20106 secretion. GlcNAc\u2010modified ODNcaps showed markedly higher uptake and induced the strongest IL\u20106 responses at both transcriptional and protein levels compared with non\u2010glycosylated controls. These results demonstrate that glycosylation is a simple yet effective strategy to improve macrophage targeting and immunostimulation by CpG\u2010ODNs. Beyond murine models, this platform may hold promise for oral or mucosal immune modulation in livestock such as cattle, poultry, and swine, offering a novel approach to enhance antigen\u2010presenting cell activation and strengthen mucosal immunity in animal production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.70209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T14:00:08Z","timestamp":1782309608000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Glycosylated Carbonated Apatite Particles for Macrophage\u2010Targeted Delivery of CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides From\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Streptococcus thermophilus<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Enhance Immune Activation"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"given":"Md. 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