{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T16:50:56Z","timestamp":1782406256414,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":174,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Animal Science Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Accurate evaluation of body growth is essential for heifer management, and three\u2010dimensional (3D) imaging offers a promising approach for precise morphological assessment. This study aimed to quantify variations in the abdominal morphology of dairy heifers using 3D imaging and to evaluate the relationship between abdominal volume and body weight. Twenty\u2010seven records from 19 Holstein heifers aged 3\u201318\u2009months were imaged using a three\u2010camera 3D system. The abdomen was subdivided into 12 anatomical subregions to assess regional width variations. Age\u2010related changes were evaluated using linear regression models, and age\u2010adjusted residuals from the models were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA) to characterize morphological differences. Abdominal volume increased linearly with age and was strongly associated with body weight (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.96). Despite similar abdominal volumes, substantial variation in regional morphology was observed. PCA of the age\u2010adjusted residuals indicated that overall abdominal width, proportional differences between cranial and caudal regions, and dorsoventral distribution patterns were the primary contributors to morphological variations. These findings demonstrate that 3D\u2010derived abdominal volume strongly reflects body weight in growing dairy heifers, while regional morphological analysis reveals pronounced animal\u2010level variations, highlighting the potential of 3D imaging for characterizing developmental differences in dairy heifers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.70211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T14:11:48Z","timestamp":1782310308000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantifying Variation in the Abdominal Volume and Morphology of Dairy Heifers Using Three\u2010Dimensional Imaging"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1180-8106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shumpei","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9463-6549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seongjin","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9319-0987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohiro","family":"Mitani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahito","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere Hokkaido University  Sapporo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1960-1204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichiro","family":"Ueda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture Hokkaido University  Sapporo 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