{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:57:53Z","timestamp":1790643473430,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,28]],"date-time":"2014-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1414454400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["O.0534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["O.0534"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust Veterinary J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To design and evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a modified\u2010live vaccine to prevent equine influenza virus (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EIV<\/jats:styled-content>) infection based on the novel reassortant cold\u2010adapted strain A\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HK<\/jats:styled-content>\/Otar\/6:2\/2010.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surface proteins (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HA<\/jats:styled-content>,<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NA<\/jats:styled-content>) from the wild\u2010type strain A\/equine\/Otar\/764\/2007 (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H3N8<\/jats:styled-content>) and internal proteins (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, M, NS) from the attenuated cold\u2010adapted donor strain A\/<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H<\/jats:styled-content>ong<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">K<\/jats:styled-content>ong\/1\/68\/162\/35CA (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">H3N2<\/jats:styled-content>) were included in the vaccine. Horses were administered 10<jats:sup>9.2<\/jats:sup>EID<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\/mL of the modified\u2010live vaccine or saline solution using a nasal spray. The clinical condition of the animals was assessed throughout the study and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected for virus titration. Two yearlings in each group were euthanased on day 5 post vaccination (PV) for histological examination and measurement of viral titres in the organs.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Serum samples and nasal secretions were collected to evaluate serological response. Lymphoproliferation after restimulation in vitro was determined to evaluate cell\u2010mediated immunity. To evaluate the protective capacity of the vaccine, the yearlings in both groups were challenged with the wild\u2010type virus at 28 days PV and their clinical condition and serological response was evaluated. Nasal swabs were collected to assess viral shedding from the upper respiratory tract.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Single intranasal administration of a modified\u2010live<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EIV<\/jats:styled-content>vaccine caused no adverse effects and vaccinated yearlings and pregnant mares did not form detectable levels of antibodies by days 7, 14 and 28 PV, as indicated by the HI reaction and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ELISA<\/jats:styled-content>. Secretory antibodies could be detected on day 7 and reached maximal levels on day 14 PV. In vitro studies showed that the yearlings and pregnant mares both formed a cell\u2010mediated immune response by day 14 PV. The vaccine protected yearlings against challenge with wild\u2010type virus. We conclude that single intranasal administration of the modified\u2010live<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EIV<\/jats:styled-content>vaccine was safe in the yearlings and pregnant mares that we treated, and was immunogenic and protective in the yearlings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,28]],"date-time":"2014-10-28T05:50:35Z","timestamp":1414475435000},"page":"450-457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Safety and immunogenicity of a novel cold\u2010adapted modified\u2010live equine influenza virus vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"K","family":"Tabynov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan Gvardeiskiy Republic of Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z","family":"Kydyrbayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan Gvardeiskiy Republic of Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Ryskeldinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan Gvardeiskiy Republic of Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Assanzhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan Gvardeiskiy Republic of Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Kozhamkulov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan Gvardeiskiy Republic of Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Inkarbekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan Gvardeiskiy Republic of Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Sansyzbay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan Gvardeiskiy Republic of Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2010.00176.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.02.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1999.215.01.61","article-title":"Efficacy of a commercial vaccine for preventing disease caused by influenza virus infection in horses","volume":"215","author":"Morley PS","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Establishing an acceptable threshold for equine influenza vaccines","volume":"79","author":"Mumford JA","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev Biol Stand"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-0233(03)00028-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.122.6.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"HolmesDF LambLM CogginsLet\u2009al.Live temperature senseitive equine\u20102 influenza A virus vaccine: production and efficacy in experimental ponies. 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