{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T03:31:34Z","timestamp":1784863894044,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,27]],"date-time":"2016-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Aust Veterinary J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To identify genes associated with the observed antimicrobial resistance in <jats:italic>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Haemophilus parasuis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pasteurella multocida<\/jats:italic> isolated from Australian pigs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Design<\/jats:title><jats:p>Isolates with known phenotypic resistance to \u03b2\u2010lactams, macrolides and tetracycline were screened for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Procedure<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 68 <jats:italic>A.\u2009pleuropneumoniae<\/jats:italic>, 62 <jats:italic>H.\u2009parasuis<\/jats:italic> and 20 <jats:italic>P.\u2009multocida<\/jats:italic> isolates exhibiting phenotypic antimicrobial resistance (<jats:italic>A.\u2009pleuropneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>P.\u2009multocida<\/jats:italic>) or elevated minimal inhibitory concentrations (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MICs<\/jats:styled-content>) (<jats:italic>H.\u2009parasuis<\/jats:italic>) to any of the following antimicrobial agents\u2009\u2212\u2009ampicillin, erythromycin, penicillin, tetracycline, tilmicosin and tulathromycin\u2009\u2212\u2009were screened for a total of 19 associated antimicrobial resistance genes (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ARGs<\/jats:styled-content>) by <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCR<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The gene <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:sub>ROB\u20101<\/jats:sub> was found in all ampicillin\u2010 and penicillin\u2010resistant isolates, but none harboured the <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>\n<jats:sub>TEM\u20101<\/jats:sub> gene. The <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>B gene was found in 76% (74\/97) of tetracycline\u2010resistant isolates, 49\/53 <jats:italic>A.\u2009pleuropneumoniae,<\/jats:italic> 17\/30 <jats:italic>H.\u2009parasuis<\/jats:italic> and 8\/14 <jats:italic>P.\u2009multocida<\/jats:italic>. One <jats:italic>A.\u2009pleuropneumoniae<\/jats:italic> isolate harboured the <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>H gene, but none of the 97 isolates had <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>A, <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>C, <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>D, <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>E, <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>L, <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>M or <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>O. A total of 92 isolates were screened for the presence of macrolide resistance genes. None was found to have <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>A, <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>B, <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>C, <jats:italic>erm<\/jats:italic>42, <jats:italic>mph<\/jats:italic>E, <jats:italic>mef<\/jats:italic>A, <jats:italic>msr<\/jats:italic>A or <jats:italic>msr<\/jats:italic>E.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study has provided a genetic explanation for the resistance or elevated MIC of the majority of isolates of Australian porcine respiratory pathogens to ampicillin, penicillin and tetracycline. However, the macrolide resistance observed by phenotypic testing remains genetically unexplained and further studies are required.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]],"date-time":"2016-06-29T03:08:41Z","timestamp":1467169721000},"page":"227-231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Antimicrobial resistance genes in <i>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae<\/i>, <i>Haemophilus parasuis<\/i> and <i>Pasteurella multocida<\/i> isolated from Australian pigs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"DAE","family":"Dayao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland School of Veterinary Science  Gatton Queensland 4343 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JS","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland School of Veterinary Science  Gatton Queensland 4343 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PJ","family":"Blackall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation  EcoSciences Precinct QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Turni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation  EcoSciences Precinct QLD Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252311000120"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"348","volume-title":"Diseases of swine","author":"VanAlstine WG","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"106","volume-title":"Diseases of swine","author":"Karriker L","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/ABIO-120005767"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2015.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00242-07"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"Detection and characterization of \u03b2\u2010lactam resistance in Haemophilus parasuis strains from pigs in South China","volume":"11","author":"Guo LL","year":"2012","journal-title":"AgriSci China"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-1135(95)00130-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki210"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.2.702-708.2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01522-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.11.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2011.0150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2011.07567.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks076"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00266-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.5.1927-1931.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.06.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871102300228"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.10.3214-3221.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870101300607"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mcpr.1999.0265"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2012.757576"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17221\/1856-VETMED"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"A study on molecular characterization of macrolide resistance mechanism among isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the southern Marmara region of Turkey, as well as resistance to macrolides and penicillin in these isolates","volume":"42","author":"\u00d6zakinC G\u00fcler H","year":"2012","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2007.03445.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","unstructured":"OIE.OIE list of antimicrobial agents of veterinary importance2014.http:\/\/www.oie.int\/fileadmin\/Home\/eng\/Our_scientific_expertise\/docs\/pdf\/OIE_list_antimicrobials.pdf. 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